Table Of Content

Forensic Science International Forensic Science Interna15t0 i(20o05n) aV—lVI I www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Volume contents Volume 150 (2005) Regular articles Twelve short tandem repeat loci Y chromosome haplotypes: Genetic analysis on populations residing in North America B. Budowle, M. Adamowicz, X.G. Aranda, C. Barna, R. Chakraborty, D. Cheswick, B. Dafoe, A. Eisenberg, R. Frappier, A.M. Gross, C. Ladd, H.-S. Lee, S.C. Milne, C. Meyers, M. Prinz, M.L. Richard, G. Saldanha, a, FOI Tce VOD GU Tiree TaD Cre, GI estae sicsitncicdceceavevirnnsnintnsoiesininresisincyniunnininbadeantiniatcintnibsntin 1-15 Pros and cons in the use of SNPs in forensic kinship investigation: a comparative analysis with STRs Fi SE Sc Fe ee siiiatcanenitnnii ithaca nica rhchasntibiiiessntetaieeaes anita iadiieatiiiaadiah aida dlannieatanaibias Quantification of the shape of handwritten characters: a step to objective discrimination between writers based on the study of the capital character O R. Marquis, M. Schmittbuhl, W.D. Mazzella and F. Taroni (Switzerland, France) .......................cccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 23-32 A further study to investigate the detection and enhancement of latent fingerprints using visible absorption and luminescence chemical imaging G. Payne, B. Reedy, C. Lennard, B. Comber, D. Exline and C. Roux (Australia, USA) 20.0... ececeeeeeeeeeeees 33-5] Measurement of kinetic energy dissipation with gelatine fissure formation with special reference to gelatine validation TIT is csincicudins cassclctttdionaigescatiesinaplasisesid aemibianniaind alanc emsianiapinietssinadnieniidadiadinioeadipinadniblapaamiaialeadinicialgiitiimsdeeibiaaite 53-62 Ballistic skin simulant J. Jussila, A. Leppiniemi, M. Paronen and E. Kulomaki (Finland) .....................cccccccsssscsssssesscesesseeeseesceeeesssseeesees 63-71 Insect fauna visiting carrion in Southwest Virginia ns Rs ns EY I atts: SEITE RPI coccnsccecsesaacentnassensinenenesisvebicntedenstdinedsenigiaasibidainnnidenanshnaslaiitinibipitintin 73-80 Case report An unusual case of post-mortem redistribution of ethanol A.-L. Pélissier-Alicot, M. Fornaris, C. Bartoli, M.-D. Piercecchi-Marti, A. Sanvoisin and G. Leonetti SEI IIITIIIEN &i sitidusceinshcietebnnetinseuthasiicning deibinritillnieantiateepustinaiadiedaseinlneiunianieiisaatiateiabenietetaneapnneiniaiendéigadedeaaitanseamipenitiadneniiinadiniis 81-83 Rapid communication Polymorphisms of the cholecystokinin gene promoter region in suicide victims in Japan ih, ED: ANNIE Uy, PEED CUTIIIIINIED <0. sss sceinsnstiuinisncndichinbtinnepandddchentediesnbeadbiiabeehisiaksbpheniiaadinddinniiineesnneibennbeehitiinansaieneen 85-90 Announcement of population data Y-chromosome STR haplotypes and alleles in the ethnic group of Polish Tatars residing in the Northeastern Poland J. Janica, W. Pepinski, A. Niemcunowicz-Janica, M. Skawronska, M. Aleksandrowicz-Bukin, I. Ptaszynska- ee: IRIS Sn, Tee IIIIIIIED CITRINE nx cnscsncnticecnssseiepnsubuniitionsnessnceionsieinenestheenminnethenrpennnianenbieembesiaendtereiennbbneeneniasets 91-95 Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample L.B. Lauc, M. Perigi¢é, I.M. Klarié, A. Sijaéki, D. Popovié, B. Jani¢ijevié and P. Rudan (Croatia, Serbia and SIE TIINIIID sutieitcdnaneecentiibedstisiacennseaees serebpbesdanbanlahastibsdhunddgsbandpesadetsbinpenbuieennihaseisenatebpienninmnttiatinetnibannyteietneininete 97-101 doi: 10.1016/S0379-073)080(27075-X Vi Volume contents Review Shotgun shooting in northern India—a review (1980-1999) SO dh igh canbe baie beaiciiph ban adb bieke tiebdbaséakenierplilietieiesbabekbiiigideiabetenebies 103-111 Book Review Principles of forensic toxicology I i dil nanan ddubinsiapeansginibeledlabus sien cepgnienesonseabennnbpienidieuastinnlisedihdgeianage 113 Corrigendum Corrigendum to “Y-chromosome STR-haplotype typing in EI Salvador [Forensic Sci. Int. 142 (1) (2004) 45—49]” J.S. Lovo, M. Fondevila, A. Salas, M. Brion, M.V. Lareu and A. Carracedo (Spain) ............cscesseseseeseeeseseseeseeees 115 I i dance ass enedlan babe tanedoagesbudasncagiemnnaginsiaubipesenbsasanabeapaduesiabténbinennsiibieteoteed I-III Preface Special edition of forensic science international detection of drugs in oral fluid rey SS GRIT OU, HIE CPLU IIIIIIIIIID, IIIIIIIIID ,o. cccxcncesuvssecdssesreceussoeseiséesnseususebarsndeveubasssostnsnnintnotisnevenssensie 117 Regular articles Review: The physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva Dl cin bisnbdloaetbamnmesenniinnnennaihadiindaistabioonpaabidadinetiinteis 119-131 Review: Pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid I tiaciesnn dbd inlnsibetolbeensadasbannaesnassbbadaenspbeheniiine nsteabaenddinabeanete 133-142 Oral fluid testing for driving under the influence of drugs: history, recent progress and remaining challenges I a ca andcinne bistable dahaniek eationgisnabpteas bobbin sbabebeadenesaapehenneen 143-150 Legal issues in oral fluid testing RRC GT RRS REN EOE PIT EE EE Oa oe Tne I A OTT 151-160 Proficiency testing (external quality assessment) of drug detection in oral fluid SERRE SS ee ee Ee EET 161-164 Oral fluid collection: The neglected variable in oral fluid testing I eliim dan hentaanimnsinabhaseesiaeanibebnneenedbenenievekane 165-173 Oral fluid drug tests: Effects of adulterants and foodstuffs ESN en ee TT TE 175-180 Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark I.M. Bernhoft, A. Steentoft, S.S. Johansen, N.A. Klitgaard, L.B. Larsen and L.B. Hansen (Denmark)............... 181-189 Drugs in oral fluid. Part I. Validation of an analytical procedure for licit and illicit drugs in oral fluid eee, Sey > NINN, Gath: SUNDENNIINIIN URED Gictihy CAMEO OUTED cccccccsrccescecnscssecestessescnecessovecesersecodecenetqcssontosoosssaseete 191-198 Drugs in oral fluid. Part II. Investigation of drugs in drivers F.M. Wylie, H. Torrance, A. Seymour, S. Buttress and J.S. Oliver (UK) ..............::ccccccsssssssccccesessssrececeeessesseeeeeeees 199-204 Analysis of A’-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid samples using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization mass spectrometry H. Teixeira, P. Proenga, A. Verstraete, F. Corte-Real and D.N. Vieira (Portugal, Belgium)................::ccceeeeeeeee 205-211 Screening and confirmatory method for benzodiazepines and hypnotics in oral fluid by LC-MS/MS P. Kintz, M. Villain, M. Concheiro and V. Cirimele (France, Spain)..................ssccssscccsessssssesesseseesesescsesesceeseeeeens 213-220 Determination of MDMA, MDA, MDEA and MBDB in oral fluid using high performance liquid chromatography with native fluorescence detection M. Concheiro, A. de Castro, O. Quintela, M. L6pez-Rivadulla and A. Cruz (Spain) ............cccccccceceeeeeeeeeeenneeeens 221-226 Quantitative analysis of multiple illicit drugs in preserved oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry M. Wood, M. Laloup, M. del M.R. Fernandez, K.M. Jenkins, M.S. Young, J.G. Ramaekers, G. De Boeck and N. Samyn (UK, Belgium, USA, The Netherlands) 227—238 Evaluation of the Cozart® RapiScan drug test system for opiates and cocaine in oral fluid ee pes Sins: PUTIN: ae: GUUUIIIEEN, es NPIS OIIIIET ir, SINE OI cccctersssicnaseeneuidessbindasensdabenbinsdubanedessoennatincsiebsnensboniotoenneses 239-243 Volume contents Vil EY CE TINS QVGTI oo issiciececoivosesovisevenneseseesceeeseniasseoniasesinensnandsssstponspenieninesesnnesbpubtesaesansunteseusseesquentesdeomseonenesenneeesneeses I-IV Re es V-VIl I a IX—X IGE CII asain nniscccsnsvssavesteesssccenssrscevesasteecahoneintiandouentnabbiresisibeentiueaiberbessioiqnsinndineierenenatenisssbisiieennbsanaeebenebiionopabenteebets XI-XIIl Forensic Science International Forensic Science International 150 (2005) IX—X www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Author index Volume 150 (2005) Adamowicz, M. Hand,C. 150, 239 Pélissier-Alicot, A.-L. 150, 81 Aleksandrowicz-Bukin, M. Hansen, L.B. 150, 18! Pepinski, W. 150, 91 Anderson, R.A. Janicijevic, B. 150, 97 150, 97 Janica, J. 150,91] Piercecchi-Marti, M.-D. 150, 81 Aranda, X.G. Jenkins, K.M. 150, 227 150, 97 Johansen, S.S. 150, 181 Jussila, J. 150, 53, 63 150, 205 Ptaszynska-Sarosiek, |. 150, 91 Bernhoft, I.M. Kadehjian, L. 150, 151 Quintela, O. 150, 22) Brewster, C.C. Kintz, P. 150, 213 Klari¢, 1.M. 150, 97 Ramaekers, J.G. 150, 227 Budowle. B. Klitgaard, N.A. 150, 181 Koc-Zorawska, E. 150, 9] Krenke, B.E. 150, | Richard, M.L. 150. | Carracedo, A. Kulomiki, E. 150, 63 Chakraborty, R. Cheswick, D. Ladd,C. 150, | Laloup, M. 150, 227 Lareu,M.V. 150, 115 Saldanha, G. 150, | Larsen, L.B. 150, 181 150, 227 Concheiro, M. Lauc, L.B. 150, 97 Sanvoisin, A. 150, 81 Lee, H.-S. 150, | Schmittbuhl, M. 150, 23 Corte-Real, F. Lennard,C. 150, 33 Seymour, A. 150, 199 Crouch, D.J. Leonetti,G. 150, 81 150, 85 Leppiniemi, A. 150, 63 150, 97 Lopez-Rivadulla, M. 150, 221 150, 103 Lovo, J.S. 150, 115 150, 103 De Boeck, G. Skawronska, M. 150, 9] de Castro, A. Main, L. 150, 239 150, 181 del M.R. Fernandez, M. Marquis, R. 150, 23 Drummer, O.H. 150, 117, 133 Martens, L.C. 150, 119 150, 73 Mazzella, W.D. 150, 23 Eisenberg, A. Meyers,C. 150, | 150, 205 Milne, S.C. 150, | Tierney, A.A. 150, | Torrance, H. 150, 191, 199 Niemcunowicz-Janica, A. 150, 9] Fondevila, M. 150, 175 Fornaris, M. Oliver, J.S. 150, 191, 199 Verstraete, A. 150, 117, 205 Paronen, M. 150, 63 Verstraete, A.G. 150, 143 Gross, A.M. Payne,G. 150, 33 doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(05 )00278- | X Author index Vieira, D.N. 150, 205 Wilson, L. 150, 239 Wylie, F.M. 150, 191, 199 Villain, M. 150, 213 Winek, C.L. 150, 113 Wong, R.C. 150, 175 Yoshioka, N. 150, 85 Wilson, J.F. 150, 161 Wood, M. 150, 227 Young, M.S. 150, 227 Forensic Science International Forensic Science International 150 (2005) XI—XIII www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Subject index Volume 150 (2005) Accidents; Saliva, Automobile driving, Traffic, Substance abuse Collection devices; Oral fluid, Saliva, Collection 150, 165 detection, Narcotics, Amphetamines 150, 143 Collection; Oral fluid, Saliva, Collection devices 150, 165 Admissibility; Oral fluid, On-site testing, Legal, Scientific evidence, Evidentiary standards 150, 151 Cyanoacrylate; Fingerprints, Fingerprint detection, Spectroscopy, Chemical imaging, DFO, Ninhydrin 150, 33 Adulteration; Oral fluids, Drug testing, Oratect 150, 175 DFO; Fingerprints, Fingerprint detection, Spectroscopy, Chemical Amfetamines; Proficiency, Oral fluid, Cannabinoids, Cocaine, imaging, Ninhydrin, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 Opiates, Human gamma-globulin 150, 161 DNA analysis; Suicide, Cholecystokinin, Association study, Amphetamines; Saliva, Automobile driving, Accidents, Traffic, Genetic polymorphism 150, 85 Substance abuse detection, Narcotics 150, 143 DNA typing; Forensic science, Short tandem repeat (STR), Association study; Suicide, Cholecystokinin, DNA analysis, Y chromosome, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Validation, Genetic polymorphism 150, 85 PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | Automobile driving; Saliva, Accidents, Traffic, Substance abuse Drivers; Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse, Prescription drugs 150, 199 detection, Narcotics, Amphetamines 150, 143 Driver, Drug, Saliva, Blood 150, 181 Benzodiazepines; Hypnotics, Oral fluid, Intercept, LC-MS/MS 150, 213 Drug testing; Oral fluids, Adulteration, Oratect 150, 175 Blood, Driver, Drug, Saliva 150, 181 Drug, Driver, Saliva, Blood 150, 181 Cannabinoids; Proficiency, Oral fluid, Amfetamines, Cocaine, Drugs of abuse; Oral fluid, Drivers, Prescription drugs 150, 199 Opiates, Human gamma-globulin 150, 161 Carrion insects; Forensic entomology, Successional pattern, Drugs of abuse; Oral fluid, Prescription drugs, LC-MS—MS, Postmortem interval 150, 73 GC-MS 150, 191 Chemical imaging; Fingerprints, Fingerprint detection, Drugs of abuse; Pharmacokinetics, Oral fluid, Review 150, 133 Spectroscopy, DFO, Ninhydrin, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 Drugs; Physiology of saliva, Oral fluid, Electrolytes, Proteins, Cholecystokinin; Suicide, Association study, DNA analysis, Circadian rhythm 150, 119 Genetic polymorphism 150, 85 Electrolytes; Physiology of saliva, Oral fluid, Drugs, Proteins, Circadian rhythm; Physiology of saliva, Oral fluid, Drugs, Circadian rhythm 150, 119 | Electrolytes, Proteins 150, 119 Ethanol; Post-mortem redistribution, Seawater drowning 150, 81 Cocaine; Oral fluid, Opiates, On-site test, Saliva 150, 227 European minimal haplotype; Forensic science, DNA typing, Cocaine; Proficiency, Oral fluid, Amfetamines, Cannabinoids, Short tandem repeat (STR), Y chromosome, Polymerase chain Opiates, Human gamma-globulin 150, 161 reaction (PCR), Validation, PowerPlex 150, | doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(05 )00279-3 XI Subject index Evaluation of various parameters; Shooting cases, Shotgun 150, LC-MS: THC, Oral fluid 150, 205 103 LC-MS-MS; Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse, Prescription drugs, Evidentiary standards; Oral fluid, On-site testing, Legal, GC-MS 150, 191 Scientific evidence, Admissibility 150, 151 Legal; Oral fluid, On-site testing, Scientific evidence, Evidentiary Fingerprint detection; Fingerprints, Spectroscopy, Chemical standards, Admissibility 150, 151 imaging, DFO, Ninhydrin, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 MBDB; MDMA, MDA, MDEA, Oral fluid, HPLC, Fluorescence Fingerprints; Fingerprint detection, Spectroscopy, Chemical 150, 221 imaging, DFO, Ninhydrin, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 MDA; MDMA, MDEA, MBDB, Oral fluid, HPLC, Fluorescence 150, 221 Fluorescence: MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB, Oral fluid, HPLC 150, 221 MDEA; MDMA, MDA, MBDB, Oral fluid, HPLC, Fluorescence 150, 22! Forensic entomology; Successional pattern, Carrion insects, Postmortem interval 150, 73 MDMA: MDA, MDEA, MBDB, Oral fluid, HPLC, Fluorescence 150, 221 Forensic genetics; Y-chromosome STRs, Haplotypes, Polish Tatars, Population genetics 150, 91 Mutation; STR, SNP. Kinship, Null allele 150, 17 Forensic science; DNA typing, Short tandem repeat (STR), Y Narcotics; Saliva, Automobile driving, Accidents, Traffic, chromosome, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Validation, Substance abuse detection, Amphetamines 150, 143 PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | Ninhydrin; Fingerprints, Fingerprint detection, Spectroscopy, Fourier descriptors; Handwriting, Variability, Shape analysis Chemical imaging, DFO, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 150, 23 Null allele; STR, SNP, Kinship, Mutation 150, 17 GC-MS; Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse, Prescription drugs, LC—MS-MS 150, 191 On-site test; Oral fluid, Cocaine, Opiates, Saliva 150, 227 Gelatine; Kinetic energy, Wound ballistics 150, 53 On-site testing; Oral fluid, Legal, Scientific evidence, Evidentiary standards, Admissibility 150, 151 Genetic polymorphism; Suicide, Cholecystokinin, Association study, DNA analysis 150, 85 Opiates; Oral fluid, Cocaine, On-site test, Saliva 150, 227 Handwriting: Variability, Shape analysis, Fourier descriptors 150, Opiates; Proficiency, Oral fluid, Amfetamines, Cannabinoids, 23 Cocaine, Human gamma-globulin 150, 161 Haplotypes; Y chromosome, STR polymorphisms, Serbia 150, 97 Oral fluid; Benzodiazepines, Hypnotics, Intercept, LC-MS/MS 150, 213 Haplotypes; Y-chromosome STRs, Polish Tatars, Forensic genetics, Population genetics 150, 91] Oral fluid; Cocaine, Opiates, On-site test, Saliva 150, 227 HPLC; MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB, Oral fluid, Fluorescence Oral fluid; Drivers, Drugs of abuse, Prescription drugs 150, 199 150, 221 Oral fluid; Drugs of abuse, Prescription drugs, LC-MS—MS, Human gamma-globulin; Proficiency, Oral fluid, Amfetamines, GC-MS 150, 191 Cannabinoids, Cocaine, Opiates 150, 161 Oral fluid; MOMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB, HPLC, Fluorescence Hypnotics; Benzodiazepines, Oral fluid, Intercept, LC-MS/MS 150, 221 150, 213 Oral fluid; On-site testing, Legal, Scientific evidence, Evidentiary Intercept; Benzodiazepines, Hypnotics, Oral fluid, LC-MS/MS standards, Admissibility 150, 151 150, 213 Oral fluid; Pharmacokinetics, Drugs of abuse, Review 150, 133 Kinetic energy; Gelatine, Wound ballistics 150, 53 Oral fluid; Physiology of saliva, Drugs, Electrolytes, Proteins, Kinship; STR, SNP, Mutation, Null allele 150, 17 Circadian rhythm 150, 119 LC-MS/MS; Benzodiazepines, Hypnotics, Oral fluid, Intercept Oral fluid; Proficiency, Amfetamines, Cannabinoids, Cocaine, 150, 213 Opiates, Human gamma-globulin 150, 161 Subject index XIII Oral fluid; Saliva, Collection, Collection devices 150, 165 Serbia; Y chromosome, STR polymorphisms, Haplotypes 150, 97 Oral fluid; THC, LC-MS 150, 205 Shape analysis; Handwriting, Variability, Fourier descriptors 150, 23 Oral fluids; Adulteration, Drug testing, Oratect 150, 175 Shooting cases; Shotgun, Evaluation of various parameters 150, Oratect; Oral fluids, Adulteration, Drug testing 150, 175 103 Pharmacokinetics; Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse, Review 150, 133 Short tandem repeat (STR); Forensic science, DNA typing, Y chromosome, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Validation, Physiology of saliva; Oral fluid, Drugs, Electrolytes, Proteins, PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | Circadian rhythm 150, 119 Shotgun; Shooting cases, Evaluation of various parameters 150, 103 Polish Tatars; Y-chromosome STRs, Haplotypes, Forensic genetics, Population genetics 150, 9] Simulant; Wound ballistics, Skin 150, 63 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Forensic science, DNA typ- Skin; Wound ballistics, Simulant 150, 63 ing, Short tandem repeat (STR), Y chromosome, Validation, SNP: STR, Kinship, Mutation, Null allele 150, 17 PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | Spectroscopy; Fingerprints, Fingerprint detection, Chemical Population genetics; Y-chromosome STRs, Haplotypes, Polish imaging, DFO, Ninhydrin, Cyanoacrylate 150, 33 Tatars, Forensic genetics 150, 91 STR polymorphisms; Y chromosome, Haplotypes, Serbia 150, Postmortem interval; Forensic entomology, Successional pattern, 97 Carrion insects 150, 73 STR; SNP, Kinship, Mutation, Null allele 150, 17 Post-mortem redistribution; Ethanol, Seawater drowning 150, 81 Substance abuse detection; Saliva, Automobile driving, Accidents, Traffic, Narcotics, Amphetamines 150, 143 PowerPlex; Forensic science, DNA typing, Short tandem repeat (STR), Y chromosome, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Successional pattern; Forensic entomology, Carrion insects, Validation, European minimal haplotype 150, | Postmortem interval 150, 73 Prescription drugs; Oral fluid, Drivers, Drugs of abuse 150, Suicide; Cholecystokinin, Association study, DNA analysis, 199 Genetic polymorphism 150, 85 Prescription drugs; Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse, LC-MS—MS, THC; Oral fluid, LC—MS 150, 205 GC-MS 150, 191 Traffic; Saliva, Automobile driving, Accidents, Substance abuse Proficiency; Oral fluid, Amfetamines, Cannabinoids, Cocaine, detection, Narcotics, Amphetamines 150, 143 Opiates, Human gamma-globulin 150, 16] Validation; Forensic science, DNA typing, Short tandem repeat Proteins; Physiology of saliva, Oral fluid, Drugs, Electrolytes, (STR), Y chromosome, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Circadian rhythm 150, 119 PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | Review; Pharmacokinetics, Oral fluid, Drugs of abuse 150, 133 Variability; Handwriting, Shape analysis, Fourier descriptors 150, 23 Saliva; Automobile driving, Accidents, Traffic, Substance abuse detection, Narcotics, Amphetamines 150, 143 Wound ballistics: Gelatine, Kinetic energy 150, 53 Saliva, Driver, Drug, Blood 150, 181 Wound ballistics; Simulant, Skin 150, 63 Saliva; Oral fluid, Cocaine, Opiates, On-site test 150, 227 Y chromosome, Forensic science, DNA typing, Short tandem repeat (STR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Validation, Saliva; Oral fluid, Collection, Collection devices 150, 165 PowerPlex, European minimal haplotype 150, | tLLLLlLLCLAAteO teLL L LCL eLctLS ci entific evidence; Oral fluid, On-site testing, Legal, Evidentiary Y chromosome; STR polymorphisms, Haplotypes, Serbia 150, 97 standards, Admissibility 150, 151 Y-chromosome STRs; Haplotypes, Polish Tatars, Forensic genetics, Seawater drowning; Ethanol, Post-mortem redistribution 150, 81 Population genetics 150, 91