Table Of Content

M M B ™ ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 Forensic Microscopy for Skeletal Tissues Methods and Protocols Edited by Lynne S. Bell School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Editor Lynne S. Bell School of Criminology Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-61779-976-1 ISBN 978-1-61779-977-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-977-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012942798 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( w ww.springer.com ) Preface Forensic anthropology is concerned with human remains usually in the skeletonized form. The tissues of interest are therefore bone and teeth. The application of microscopy to skeletal tissues is well established and used routinely in biomedical science. Its adaptation to forensic questions is an increasing area of interest, and publications utilizing microscopy have increased in the scientifi c literature. The aim of this book is to bring together differing forms of microscopy that are used in association with forensic anthropology, or have relevance to questions concerning forensic anthropology. This has brought together a number of authors from forensic, archaeologi- cal, and paleontological disciplines, who have developed or applied microscopic methods to address questions that intersect, or usefully inform, forensic anthropology. The methods themselves utilize differing forms of light, confocal, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Embedding protocols for wax and plastic embedding are provided and a review article on the state of the art for SEM analysis gives a useful backdrop to more developments in backscattered and environmental SEM hardware and application. In addi- tion, interpretative chapters provide a user approach to image recognition of either surface or internal changes to bone and teeth, either for mapping or for identifi cation purposes. It is rare in any paper, even a methodological one, that the entire microscopic method and the sample preparation that precedes it will provide suffi cient detail to accurately and exactly reproduce it. The aim of this book is to articulate these methods in long-form, and to provide interpretative chapters to aid assessment of pre- or postmortem changes to skeletal material. Burnaby, BC, Canada Lynne S. Bell v Acknowledgements I wish to thank Springer Humana for generously providing the color production of micro- graphs for this book. I am particularly indebted to Aleisha Best for her patience and expert editorial assistance. And fi nally, an enormous thanks to Nadine Schuurman for her support and endless encouragement. vii Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 Scanning Electron Microscopy: Preparation and Imaging for SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chris G. Jones 2 Plastic Embedding and Polishing of Bone for Reflected Light and Electron Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A.H.J. Wighton, Chris G. Jones, and Lynne S. Bell 3 Preparation of Mineralized Tissue for Light Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Gail Valentine and Kim Piper 4 Bone Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Kim Piper and Gail Valentine 5 A Histological Method That Can Be Used to Estimate the Time Taken to Form the Crown of a Permanent Tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 M. Christopher Dean 6 The Determination of Age in Subadult from the Rib Cortical Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Margaret Streeter 7 Rib Histomorphometry for Adult Age Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Christian Crowder, Jarred Heinrich, and Sam D. Stout 8 Age Estimation Using Tooth Cementum Annulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Ursula Wittwer-Backofen 9 Dental Topographic Analysis of the Molar Teeth of Primates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Zachary S. Klukkert, John C. Dennis, Francis M’Kirera, and Peter S. Ungar 10 Chemical Analyses of Fossil Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Wenxia Zheng and Mary Higby Schweitzer 11 Identifying Postmortem Microstructural Change to Skeletal and Dental Tissues using Backscattered Electron Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Lynne S. Bell 12 How to Approach Perimortem Injury and Other Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Peter Andrews and Yolanda Fernández-Jalvo 13 Light Microscopy of Microfractures in Burned Bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Christopher W. Schmidt and Rose Uhlig 14 A Preliminary Assessment of Using a White Light Confocal Imaging Profiler for Cut Mark Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Christopher W. Schmidt, Christopher R. Moore, and Randell Leifheit 15 Identification of Cooked Bone Using TEM Imaging of Bone Collagen. . . . . . . . . . 249 Hannah E.C. Koon Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 ix