Forensic Ecology Handbook: From Crime Scene to Court

256 Pages·2012·3.362 MB·English

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Forensic Ecology Handbook
JWST204-fm JWST204-Marquez August30,2012 14:27 PrinterName:YettoCome Trim:244mm×168mm
Forensic Ecology
Handbook
From Crime Scene to Court
Edited by
Nicholas Ma´rquez-Grant
CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UKandInstituteofHumanSciences,Schoolof
AnthropologyandMuseumofEthnography,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
and
Julie Roberts
CellmarkForensicServices,Chorley,UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2012©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Forensicecologyhandbook:fromcrimescenetocourt/editedbyNicholasMa´rquez-Grantand
JulieRoberts.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-97419-2(cloth)
1.Forensicsciences. 2.Forensicanthropology. 3.Forensicarchaeology. 4.Forensicbotany.
5.Environmentalsciences. 6.Crimesceneinvestigation. I.Ma´rquez-Grant,Nicholas,1976-
II.Roberts,Julie(JulieJ.)
HV8073.F5642012
363.25–dc23
2012016770
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot
beavailableinelectronicbooks.
Setin10.5/12.5ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
FirstImpression 2012
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Contents
AbouttheEditors ix
ListofContributors xi
SeriesForeword xiii
ProfessorNiamhNicDae´id
Foreword xv
JonathanSmith
Foreword xvii
RichardT.Shepherd
1 Introduction 1
NicholasMa´rquez-GrantandJulieRoberts
References 4
2 Aspectsofcrimescenemanagement 7
RuthBuckleyandAndyLangley
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Professionalswithintheinvestigation 7
2.3 Crimesceneprinciples 12
2.4 Recordsanddocumentation 14
2.5 Crimesceneattendance 16
2.6 Expectations 19
2.7 Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
3 Forensicarchaeology 23
StephenLitherland,NicholasMa´rquez-GrantandJulieRoberts
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Forensicarchaeologyatacrimescene 25
3.3 Pre-sceneattendance 28
3.4 Sceneattendance 29
3.5 Casestudies 40
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vi CONTENTS
3.6 Reportingandcourttestimony 42
3.7 Conclusion 44
References 45
4 Forensicanthropology 49
JulieRobertsandNicholasMa´rquez-Grant
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 TheroleoftheForensicAnthropologistincriminalinvestigation 49
4.3 Pre-sceneattendance 52
4.4 Sceneattendance 53
4.5 Inthemortuary 56
4.6 Positiveidentification 60
4.7 ProductionofanExpertWitnessStatementandcourtattendance 61
4.8 Conclusion 64
References 65
5 Forensicradiography 69
MarkViner
5.1 Introductionandcurrentstateofthediscipline 69
5.2 Applicationofradiologytotheanalysisandidentificationofhumanremains 70
5.3 Conclusion 79
References 80
6 DNAanalysisforvictimidentification 85
MichaelWalbankandAndrewMcDonald
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 TakingDNAsamplesfromthedeceased 85
6.3 Collectionofreferencesamplesforvictimidentification 90
6.4 DNAlaboratoryanalysis 91
6.5 CommonDNAprofilingtests 94
6.6 Conclusion 98
References 98
7 Otherscientificmethodsrelatedtovictimidentification 99
7.1 Introduction 99
NicholasMa´rquez-GrantandJulieRoberts
7.2 Datingofhumanremains 100
GordonCook
References 105
7.3 Otheranalyticaltechniques 107
SophieBeckett
References 109
8 Forensicentomology 111
MartinHall,AmoretWhitakerandCameronRichards
8.1 Introductionandcurrentstateofthediscipline 111
8.2 Applications 114
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CONTENTS vii
8.3 Pre-sceneattendance 115
8.4 Sceneattendance 117
8.5 Mortuaryattendance 125
8.6 Laboratoryanalysis 125
8.7 Reportingandcourtappearance 130
8.8 Conclusion 131
References 131
9 Diatomsandforensicscience 141
EileenJ.Cox
9.1 Introduction 141
9.2 Applications 144
9.3 Pre-sceneattendance 145
9.4 Sceneattendanceandsampling 145
9.5 Preparationandtreatmentofsamplesinthelaboratory 146
9.6 Analysisofsamples 147
9.7 Reportingandcourtappearance 148
References 149
10 Forensicpalynology 153
BeverleyAdams-Groom
10.1 Introductionandcurrentstateofthediscipline 153
10.2 Pollen 154
10.3 Applications 158
10.4 Pre-sceneattendance 160
10.5 Sceneattendance 161
10.6 Mortuaryattendance 165
10.7 Laboratoryanalysis 165
10.8 Reportingandcourtappearance 166
References 167
11 Forensicbotany 169
HeatherMillerCoyle,PeterMasseyandPeterValentin
11.1 Introduction 169
11.2 Applications 169
11.3 Pre-sceneattendance 170
11.4 Sceneattendance 171
11.5 Mortuaryattendance 174
11.6 Laboratoryanalysis 175
11.7 Reportingandcourtappearance 177
11.8 Conclusion 179
References 179
12 Forensicgeologyandsoils 183
DuncanPirrieandAlastairRuffell
12.1 Introductionandcurrentstateofthediscipline 183
12.2 Applicationsforforensicgeology 186
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viii CONTENTS
12.3 Pre-sceneattendance 189
12.4 Sceneattendanceandsampling 190
12.5 Samplingandpreparationinthelaboratory 195
12.6 Laboratoryanalysis 197
12.7 Reportingandcourtappearance 199
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
13 Exhibits 203
ChrisWebster
13.1 Introduction 203
13.2 Exhibitprinciples 204
13.3 Recoveryprocedures 205
13.4 Labellingexhibits 206
13.5 Keyexhibitprinciples 209
13.6 Practicalguidelinesforexhibithandling 213
13.7 Splittingexhibits 216
13.8 Long-termsporadicseizuresofexhibits 217
13.9 Unsealingandresealingexhibitsforexamination 218
13.10 Conclusion 219
References 220
14 Forensicphotography 221
JohnYoward
14.1 Introduction 221
14.2 Basicelementsofphotography 222
14.3 Securityofimages 228
14.4 Theforensicphotographerandthecrimescene 229
14.5 Theforensicphotographeratthemortuary 230
14.6 Conclusion 231
References 231
Index 233
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About the Editors
Dr Nicholas Ma´rquez-Grant is a Forensic Anthropologist and Archaeologist at
Cellmark Forensic Services (UK), having worked previously for other forensic
science providers and commercial archaeological units. He is also a Research
AssociateoftheInstituteofHumanSciences,SchoolofAnthropologyandMuseum
Ethnography,UniversityofOxford.Havingworkedasaspecialistinhumanskeletal
remainsfromarchaeologicalsitesforover15years,hehasconsiderableexperience
intheexcavationandstudyofcrematedandunburntbonefromprehistoricsitesto
twentieth-centuryconflictsitesandfromavarietyofgeographicalareasinEurope,
andinparticularSpain.DrMa´rquez-Granthastaughtbiologicalanthropologysince
2001 at the University of Oxford where he was awarded his doctoral degree in ar-
chaeology and physical anthropology in 2006. In recent years he has worked full-
time as a forensic anthropologist and archaeologist in cases from a large number
ofpoliceforcesintheUnitedKingdom,dealingwiththesearch,recovery,location
and identification of human remains, and has acted as an expert witness. He also
trains crime scene investigators from a number of forces in the United Kingdom
andabroad.
Dr Julie Roberts is Scientific Lead and Team Leader for the Anthropology,
Archaeology and Ecology Department at Cellmark Forensic Services (UK). She
isabiologicalanthropologistandarchaeologistbybackgroundwithover15years’
experienceworkinginarchaeologyandatcrimescenes,excavatingandexamining
decomposed,skeletonised,fragmented,burntandcommingledhumanremains.Her
forensicexperienceincludesdeploymentasforensicanthropologistwiththeBritish
Forensic Team in Kosovo in 1999, 2000 and 2002, exhumation and examination
of murder victims in Iraq in 2003, and lead anthropologist following the London
bombingsin2005andtheNimrodaircrashin2006.Recentcaseworkincludessuc-
cessfully locating, recovering and assisting in the identification of human remains
inLebanonandmassfatalitydeploymentstoAfghanistan.DrRobertshasattended
numerouscrimescenesofdifferenttypesacrosstheUnitedKingdom,specialising
intheexcavationandanalysisofburntandfragmentedremains.Sheisoneofonly
two forensic anthropologists who sit in the expert panel for UK Disaster Victim
Identification. She is registered with the National Policing Improvement Agency
(NPIA) as an expert advisor in anthropology and archaeology, and has been in-
volvedininstructingpoliceofficersandcrimesceneinvestigatorsforover10years.
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List of Contributors
Beverley Adams-Groom, National Pollen and Aerobiology Unit (NPARU),
UniversityofWorcester,Worcester,UK
SophieBeckett,CranfieldForensicInstitute,CranfieldUniversity,Shrivenham,UK
RuthBuckley,MetropolitanPoliceService,London,UK
Gordon Cook, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Group (SUERC),
EastKilbride,Scotland,UK
EileenJ.Cox,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UK
MartinHall,DepartmentofLifeSciences,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UK
AndyLangley,MetropolitanPoliceService,London,UK
StephenLitherland,CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UK
NicholasMa´rquez-Grant,CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UK;andInsti-
tuteofHumanSciences,SchoolofAnthropologyandMuseumEthnography,Uni-
versityofOxford,Oxford,UK
Peter Massey, Forensic Science Department, Henry C. Lee College of Criminal
JusticeandForensicSciences,UniversityofNewHaven,WestHaven,CT,USA
AndrewMcDonald,CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UK
Heather Miller Coyle, Forensic Science Department, Henry C. Lee College of
Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven,
CT,USA
DuncanPirrie,HelfordGeoscienceLLP,Penryn,UK
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xii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
Cameron Richards, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum,
London,UK
JulieRoberts,CellmarkForensicServices,Chorley,UK
Alastair Ruffell, School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s
UniversityBelfast,Belfast,NorthernIreland,UK
Peter Valentin, Forensic Science Department, Henry C. Lee College of Criminal
JusticeandForensicSciences,UniversityofNewHaven,WestHaven,CT,USA
Mark Viner, Inforce Foundation, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Shrivenham, UK;
andStBartholomew’sandTheRoyalLondonHospitals,London,UK
MichaelWalbank,CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UK
ChrisWebster,CheshireConstabulary,Cheshire,UK
Amoret Whitaker, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Lon-
don,UK
JohnYoward,CellmarkForensicServices,Abingdon,UK