FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING Psycholinguistic Studies on Training and Retention FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING Psycholinguistic Studies on Training and Retention Edited by ALICE F. HEALY LYLE E. BOURNE, JR. University of Colorodo, Boulder LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 1998 Mahwah, New Jersey London Copyright © 1998 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foreign language learning: psycholinguistic studies on training and retention / edited by Alice F. Healy, Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN ().8058-27544 1. Language and languages-Study and teaching-Psychological aspects. 2. Second language acquisition. 3. Psycho linguistics. I. Healy, Alice F. II. Bourne, Lyle E., Jr., 1932- P53.7.F67 1998 401'.93-dc21 98-8507 CIP Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 We dedicate this book to our mothers, Doris Goodman Fenvessy and Blanche White Bourne Contents Preface xi PART I: INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW 1 Toward the Improvement of Training in Foreign Languages 3 Alice F. Healy, Immanuel Barsh~ Robert J Crutcher, et al. PART II: VOCABULARY AND CONCEPT ACQUISmON 2 Effect of First Language Phonological Configuration on Lexical Acquisition in a Second Language 57 Andrea Feldman and Alice F. Healy 3 Contextual Interference Effects in Foreign Language Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention 77 Vivian I Schneider, Alice F. Healy, and Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. 4 The Role of Prior Knowledge in Mediating Foreign Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention: A Process-Analytic Approach 91 Robert J Crutcher 5 On the Status of the Count-Mass Distinction in a Mental Grammar 113 Michael Serwatka and Alice F. Healy vii viii CONTENTS 6 Phonological Short-Term Memory and Foreign Language Learning 141 Susan E. Gathercole and Annabel S. C. Thorn PART III: LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 7 Misunderstandings in Voice Communication: Effects of Fluency in a Second Language 161 Immanuel Barshi and Alice F. Healy 8 Anaphora in Language Processing: Transfer of Cognitive Strategies by Native Chinese, Dutch, English, and Japanese Speakers 193 Liang Tao and Alice F. Healy 9 Argument Structure and Maasai Possessive Interpretation: Implications for Language Learning 213 Immanuel Barshi and Doris L. Payne 10 Learning and LOSing Syntax: Practice Makes Perfect and Frequency Builds Fortitude 231 Mark F. St. John and Morton Ann Gernsbacher PART IV: READING PROCESSES 11 Highlighting Important Words Leads to Poorer Com prehension 259 Julia E. Moravcsik and Alice F. Healy 12 The Effect of Alphabet and Fluency on Unitization Processes in Reading 273 Carolyn J Buck-Gengler, Stephen G. Romero, Alice F. Healy, and Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. 13 Transfer Effects of First Language Proficiency on Second Language Reading 291 Antoinette T Gesi Blanchard PART V: BILINGUALISM 14 Stroop Interference in Bilinguals: The Role of Similarity Between the Two Languages 317 Markus Brauer CONTENTS ix 15 Individual Differences in Second Language Proficiency: Working Memory as Language Aptitude 339 Akira Miyake and Naomi P. Friedman 16 A Model of Bilingual Representation and Its Implications for Second Language Acquisition 365 Judith F Kroll, Erica Michael, and Aruna Sankaranarayanan PART VI: COMMENTARY 17 Second Language Learning Revisited: The Psycholinguistic Perspective 399 Barry McLaughlin About the Authors 413 Author Index 421 Subject Index 431 Preface Alice F. Healy Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. Our research on the long-term retention of knowledge and skills was sup ported by the Army Research Institute (ARI, contracts MDA903-86-K.{)155 and MDA903-90-K'{)066) from 1986 to 1993. Subsequently, we published an over view of that research in an edited book (Healy & Bourne, 1995). While we were finishing the retention project, George Lawton, our project monitor at ARl, asked us to focus our work specifically on issues related to foreign language learning and retention. We were stimulated by his request to write a new proposal, entitled "Towards the improvement of training in foreign languages," which was funded for 3 years starting August 2, 1993 (contract MDA903-93-K'{)OlO). The goal of the language project was to identify a set of psychological principles that would provide a foundation for a foreign lan guage training course. That project has now been completed, and because our earlier volume was well received both by the ARI and by our colleagues (Maylor, 1997; Widner, 1997), we decided to prepare another book to sum marize our progress on the language project. Over the years, we have benefited from collaboration with a long list of researchers who are not included among the contributors to this volume but who nonetheless had significant impacts on the research reported here. These investigators include recent postdoctoral associates, students at the University of Colorado, visitors from other universities, and former students now at other universities. The recent postdoctoral associates in our labo ratory include Cheri King, Bill Oliver, Larry Pinneo, and Rod Smith; the graduate students include Rob Bartsch, Anita Bowles, Angela Brega, Julia xi xii PREFACE Fisher, Noelle LaVoie, Libby Lenell, Bill Raymond, Dave Steinhart, Jim VanOverschelde, and Alex Witzki; the undergraduate students include Mi chael Allen, Emma Blair, Alison Clark, Seung-Lee Do, David Havas, Beth Hayen, Josh Hoffman, Mary Jensen, Jeffrey Joe, Josh Kutinsky, Amy Leonard, Heather Moore, Ben Rutenberg, Bethany Weber, and Meredith Williams. The recent visitors and former students who worked with us include Debbie Clawson, from Catholic University; Tom Cunningham, from St. Lawrence University; Danielle McNamara, from Old Dominion University; Paul Pauli, from the University of Tuebingen, Germany; Janet Proctor, from Purdue University; Franz Schmalhofer, from the University of Kaiserslautern, Ger many; and Grant Sinclair, from Old Dominion University. We are also deeply indebted to the ARI officials who have supported our project, financially as well as by their criticism and direction, especially Michael Drillings, George Lawton, and Joseph Psotka. Although their contributions are not identified in the chapters that follow, all the named individuals advanced our work in significant ways and provided inspiration for some of our studies. In this book, we review the various studies that have comprised our project. The book begins with an overview chapter outlining the scope of the project and summarizing some of the experiments conducted in our laboratory. In each of the following chapters, we report previously unpub lished research on selected psycholinguistic training principles. Most of these chapters were written by us and our collaborators at the University of Colorado, but some were prepared by prominent colleagues and visitors to our laboratory who have conducted research relevant to second language learning in their own laboratories elsewhere. On the adVice of our editor, Judi Amsel, we invited a prominent expert on second language training, Barry McLaughlin, to prepare a final chapter providing an overview and evaluation of the contribution of the research described in earlier chapters to the goal of improving instructional methods in foreign language learning. Sandwiched between the introductory and the final chapters are four major sections. "Vocabulary and Concept Acquisition" includes chapters on the effect of first-language phonological configuration on lexical acquisition in a second language, contextual interference effects in foreign language vocabulary acquisition and retention, mediated processes in foreign lan guage vocabulary acquisition and retention, and the status of the count mass distinction in a mental grammar. All these chapters were written by current or recent members of our laboratory. Our research on the effect of first language phonological configuration on lexical acquisition in a second language was inspired in part by the work of Susan Gathercole and her colleagues at the University of Bristol, England. While participating in the Second International Memory Conference in Abano Terme, Italy, in July 1996, we met with Gathercole and learned more about her experiments on related issues. Following this meeting, we invited her to prepare the last chapter