Table Of Contents ÖtsSä®9
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Series on
Foreign Language Acquisition
Research and Instruction
Barbara F. Freed
General Editor
Foreign Language
Acquisition Research
and the Classroom
Barbara "F. Freed, Editor
Carnegie Mellon University
D. C. Heath and Company
Lexington, Massachusetts Toronto
p
rs
u 7 9 4 7 9
Acquisitions Editor: Denise St. Jean
Production Editor: Janice Molloy
Designer: Judith Miller
Production Coordinator: Chuck Dutton
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Copyright © 1991 by D. C. Heath and Company
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
Printed in the United States of America.
International Standard Book Number: 0-669-24263-2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-81520
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 32
To the memory of my father
3
!
The papers in this volume are based on presentations made at a conference of the
same name held in October 1989 at the University of-Pennsylvania." A conference
of this scope does not happen by itself. It is the culmination of months of work by
numerous individuals and of logistic and financial support from several institu-
tions, all of whom contributed in specific and valuable ways. While there are too
many people to name specifically, the contributions of some must be singled out.
To begin with, the conference and the resulting volume would not have occurred
without the existence and support of the Consortium for Language Teaching and
Learning and its dynamic and intellectually energetic director, Peter Patrikis. The
generous contributions of the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of
Pennsylvania also helped to make the conference possible.
Three individuals above all others, each in unique and invaluable ways, must
be recognized. Madeline Rawley Crouse with unique talent and unusual personal
sacrifice attended to every minute detail of organizing the conference. Her devo-
tion will always be remembered. Shearer Norris Weigert participated in the initial
planning stages of the conference and then returned to provide meticulous atten-
tion to all editorial aspects of completing this volume. Her good humor, unfailing
eye, and indefatigable energy are greatly appreciated. Erin Downey contributed
countless hours to carrying out innumerable requests from the most menial to the
most responsible. Her cheery willingness to complete a task and then ask for more
work will never be forgotten. In addition, appreciation is extended to the mem-
bers of the Conference Planning Committee who offered advice and recommen-
dations and to students and staff of the Department of Romance Languages for all
their behind-the-scenes help. Denise St. Jean is also thanked for her ready accessi-
bility and efforts to find an immediate answer to every imaginable question.
Finally, as in all such endeavors, there is a family in the background. To my
mother, my sister, Alice Freed, and my husband, Sheldon Tabb, go my deepest
thanks for their continual encouragement, confidence, and unfailing indulgence.
Barbara F. Freed
vii
S@sti©ffa S Introduction J
€tsjpisr t Current Realities and Future Prospects in Foreign
Language Acquisition Research
Barbara F. Freed 3
The Ro'e of Instruction in Classroom-Based Foreign
Language Acquisition 29
Research on the Role of Communication in
Classroom-Based Foreign Language Acquisition: On the
Interpretation, Expression, and Negotiation of
Meaning Sandra j. Savignon 3 ï
Research on the Role of Grammar and Accuracy in
Classroom-Based Foreign Language Acquisition
Theodore V. Higgs 46
The Foreign Language Classroom as a Place, to
Communicate Bill VanPatten 54
Theoretical and Pedagogical Problems of Separating
"Grammar" from "Communication "
Nina Garrett 74
$@ctai®ja 111 Learning Environments in Foreign Language
Acquisition
Chapter 6 French Immersion and its Offshoots: Getting Two for
One Merrill Swain 91
Foreign Language Development during a Semester
Abroad Robert M. DeKeyser 104
Chapter ê Tracking the Learner in Computer-Aided Language
Learning lames S. Noblitt and Susan K. Bland 12§
Foreign Language Acquisition Research Outside the
United States 133
European Research on Second Language Acquisition
Christiane von Stutterheim
Trends in European SLA Research and Some
JmpJicatLomlor. the American Foreign-Langttage-
Classroom Thom Huebner
Some Comparative Reflections on Foreign Language
Learning Research in Europe and the United States
Albert Valdman
S©öi©Ki ¥ The Acquisition of Cultural Competence 189
The Order of Discourse in Language Teaching
Claire Kramsch 191
Reflections on the Development of Cross-Cuiturai
Communicative Competence in the Foreign
Language Classroom Heidi Byrnes 205
S«ctti©BH ¥1 The Acquisition of Literacy Skills 219
Chaptef 14 Developments in Second Language Literacy Research:
Retrospective and Prospective Views for the Classroom
Elizabeth B. Bernhardt 221
Chapter 15 Language Learning Is More than Learning Language:
Rethinking Reading and Writing Tasks
in Textbooks for Beginning Language Study
Janet K. Swaffar 252
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Perspectives on Language Teaching
Methodology 231
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6 Psychological Validation of Methodological Approaches
and Foreign Language Classroom Practices
Wilga M. Rivers 233
Chapter 17 Research on Teaching Methodology: Its Evolution and
Prospects Gilbert A. Jarvis 295
§@ctl@Bi VS88 Research Design in Foreign Language Acquisition
Research 3@7
v Chapter 18—The Design and Psycholinguisiic Motivation of Research
on Foreign Language Learning
Michael H. Long 3©9
Ch&pter 19 Pros, Cons, and Limits to Quantitative Approaches in
Foreign Language Acquisition Research
Wallace E. Lambert 3211
Chapter 2@ Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Research
Design on Foreign Language Research
Frederick Erickson 338
Chapter 21 _ Implications for Classroom-Based Research of Various
Research Designs Jerome L. Packard 354
S®€ia©ra I3C Current Foreign Language Learning Projects and
their Implications for Foreign Language Acquisition
Research 363
Chapter 22 The Virtual Classroom Is Born: What Now?
John Barson 365
Chapter 23 The Use of Interactive Video in the Learning of Japanese
Eleanor Harz Jorden 384
Chapter 24 Foreign Language Classrooms: Making Them
Research-Ready and Research-Able Teresa Pica 393
§®cti@Bti X Conclusion 413
Chapter 25 Comments on a Conference
Charles A. Ferguson 415
Contents xi
