Foodborne Pathogens: Hazards, Risk Analysis, and Control

527 Pages·2002·2.315 MB·English

by  C. W. Blackburn, Clive de W. Blackburn, Peter McClure, P. J. Mcclure

Foodborne pathogens
Hazards, risk analysis and control
Edited by
Clive de W. Blackburn and Peter J. McClure
Cambridge England
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington
Cambridge CB1 6AH, England
www.woodhead-publishing.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW
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First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC
©2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd; except chapters 10, 11 and 12 which are ©2002,
Chris Bell and Alec Kyriakides
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Woodhead Publishing ISBN 1 85573 454 0
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CRC Press order number: WP1213
Cover design by The ColourStudio
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Contributors
Chapters 1 and 13 Chapter 2
Dr Clive Blackburn and Dr Peter Dr Roy Betts
McClure Head of Microbiology Department
Unilever R and D Colworth Campden and Chorleywood Food
Colworth House Research Association
Sharnbrook Chipping Campden
Bedford Gloucestershire
MK44 1LQ GL55 6LD
UK UK
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected] Dr Clive Blackburn
Details as above
Chapter 3 Chapter 4
Dr David Legan Dr Tom Ross and Professor Tom
Systems of the Future Group McMeekin
Kraft Foods North America School of Agricultural Science
R&D Centre 11–2 East University of Tasmania
801 Waukegan Road GPO Box 252–54
Glenview Hobart
IL60025 TAS 7001
USA Australia
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr Mark Vandeven
Kraft Foods North America
200 DeForest Avenue
Chapter 5
East Hanover
N J 07936-1944 Professor Mac Johnston
USA Animal and Public Health Division
Royal Veterinary College
Tel: [phone] University of London
Fax: [phone] Hawkshead Lane
E-mail: [email protected]
N Mymms
Herts
Dr Martin Cole and Dr Cynthia
AL9 7TA
Stewart
UK
Food Science Australia
16 Julius Avenue
Tel: [phone]
Riverside Corporate Business Park
Fax: [phone]
PO Box 52
E-mail: [email protected]
North Ryde 1670
Australia
Tel: [phone] (Cynthia
Stewart)
([phone]
Fax: [phone]
Chapter 6 Chapter 8
Dr John Holah and Dr Richard Ms Sara Mortimore
Thorpe Pillsbury Europe
Campden & Chorleywood Food Harman House
Research Association Group 1 George Street
Chipping Campden Uxbridge
Gloucestershire Middlesex
GL55 6LD UB8 1QQ
UK UK
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Mr Tony Mayes
Unilever R and D Colworth
Chapter 7
Colworth House
Professor Martyn Brown Sharnbrook
Unilever R and D Colworth Bedford
Colworth House MK44 1LQ
Sharnbrook UK
Bedford
MK44 1LQ Tel: [phone]
UK Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 9
Dr Chris Griffith
Head, Food Research & Consultancy
Unit
School of Applied Sciences
University of Wales Institute, Cardiff
Colchester Avenue Campus
Cardiff
CF23 7XR
UK
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: cgriffi[email protected]
Chapters 10, 11 and 12 Chapter 15
Dr Chris Bell Dr Paul Gibbs
Consultant Microbiologist Leatherhead Food RA
White Gables 4 Quartermile Road Randalls Road
Godalming Leatherhead
Surrey Surrey
GU7 1TG KT22 7RY
UK UK
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Mr Alec Kyriakides
Chapter 16
Head of Product Safety
Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd. Dr Marion Koopmans
33 Holborn Research Laboratory for Infectious
London Diseases
EC1N 2HT National Institute of Public Health
UK and the Environment
Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9
Tel: [phone] Ext. 57487 3720BABilthoven
Fax: [phone] The Netherlands
E-mail:
[email protected] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 14
Dr Jane Sutherland and Dr Alan
Chapter 17
Varnam
Food Microbiology Unit Dr Rosely Nichols and Professor
School of Health and Sports Science Huw Smith
University of North London Scottish Parasite
166–220 Holloway Road Diagnostic Laboratory
London Stobhill Hospital
N7 8DB Glasgow
UK G21 3UW
UK
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Tel: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 18 Chapter 20
Dr Maurice Moss Dr Yasmine Motarjemi
School of Biomedical and Life Food Safety Manager
Sciences Nestlé Quality Management
University of Surrey Department
Guildford 55 Avenue Nestlé
Surrey CH-1800 Vevey
GU2 7HX Switzerland
UK
Tel: [phone]
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail:
yasmine.motarjemi@nestlé.com
Chapter 19
Professor Mansel Griffiths
Chair in Dairy Microbiology and
Director
Canadian Research Institute for Food
Safety
Department of Food Science
University of Guelph
Guelph ON
N1G 2WI
Canada
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: mgriffi[email protected]
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Contents
List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Part I Risk assessment and management in the food chain
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Dr Clive Blackburn and Dr Peter McClure, Unilever R&D
Colworth, UK
1.1 Trends in foodborne disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Incidence of foodborne disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Foodborne disease surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Emerging foodborne disease and changing patterns
in epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Control of foodborne disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Rationale for this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Detecting pathogens in food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Dr Roy Betts, Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association,
UK and Dr Clive Blackburn, Unilever R and D Colworth, UK
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Acomparison of Quality Control and Quality Assurance . . . 14
2.3 Use of microbiology methods in a Quality
Control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Use of microbiology methods in a Quality
Assurance system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Conventional microbiological techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
vi Contents
2.7 Rapid and automated methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.9 References and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3 Modelling the growth, survival and death of bacterial
pathogens in food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Dr David Legan, and Dr Mark Vandeven, Kraft Foods
North America; and Dr Cynthia Stewart and Dr Martin Cole,
Food Science Australia
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Approaches to modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Kinetic growth models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Growth boundary models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5 Death models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.6 Survival models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.7 Applications of models: product and process design,
product shelf-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.8 Applications of models: hygienic equipment design,
HACCPsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.9 Applications of models: risk assessment, food
safety objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.10 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.11 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4 Risk assessment and pathogen management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Dr Tom Ross and Professor Tom McMeekin, University of
Tasmania, Australia
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 The development of risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.3 Risk assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4 Risk assessment tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.5 The role of risk assessment in pathogen management:
food safety objectives and HACCPsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.6 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.7 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5 HACCPin farm production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Professor Mac Johnston, Royal Veterinary College,
University of London, UK
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2 Planning the HACCPsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128