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FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT AUGUST 2003 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY *FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) Field Manual Headquarters No. 4-0 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 29 August 2003 Combat Service Support Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................IV Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARMY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT........................1-1 CSS in Support of Army Mission Essential Task List.........................................1-2 CSS Characteristics...........................................................................................1-4 CSS Functions....................................................................................................1-6 Engineering Support to CSS Operations............................................................1-8 CSS Force Agility...............................................................................................1-9 Distribution-Based CSS....................................................................................1-10 Velocity Management.......................................................................................1-11 Situational Understanding................................................................................1-13 Directions in CSS Development.......................................................................1-14 Chapter 2 CSS IN UNIFIED ACTION.................................................................................2-1 Joint Logistics and Personnel Operations..........................................................2-1 The Army Role in Joint Logistics and Personnel Operations.............................2-6 Multinational CSS Operations............................................................................2-9 Chapter 3 CSS IN FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS.......................................................3-1 CSS to Offensive, Defensive, Stability, and Support Operations.......................3-1 Operational Reach and Sustainability................................................................3-4 CSS in Force Projection.....................................................................................3-6 CSS Reach Operations....................................................................................3-17 Intermediate Staging Base...............................................................................3-19 CSS in Urban Operations.................................................................................3-24 CSS to Special Operations Forces...................................................................3-26 Chapter 4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES....................................................................4-1 Reference Points................................................................................................4-1 Strategic-Level Roles.........................................................................................4-2 Operational-Level Roles...................................................................................4-12 Tactical-Level Roles.......................................................................................4-167 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 100-10, dated 3 October 1995. i FM 4-0 (FM 100-10)__________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 5 ORCHESTRATING THE CSS EFFORT.............................................................5-1 CSS Command and Control...............................................................................5-1 CSS Planning......................................................................................................5-5 Logistics Preparation of the Theater...................................................................5-9 Acquisition of Resources..................................................................................5-13 Distribution........................................................................................................5-14 Civilian Personnel.............................................................................................5-21 Chapter 6 SUPPLY AND FIELD SERVICES......................................................................6-1 The Supply System.............................................................................................6-1 Classes of Supply...............................................................................................6-3 Field Services......................................................................................................6-9 Chapter 7 TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT........................................................................7-1 Strategic Transportation......................................................................................7-1 Operational and Tactical Transportation.............................................................7-2 Movement Control...............................................................................................7-3 Terminal Operations............................................................................................7-4 Mode Operations.................................................................................................7-6 Information Systems...........................................................................................7-8 Chapter 8 ORDNANCE SUPPORT.....................................................................................8-1 Maintenance Support Across the Levels of War.................................................8-1 Maintenance System..........................................................................................8-3 Repair Parts Support..........................................................................................8-9 Explosive Ordnance Disposal...........................................................................8-10 Ammunition.......................................................................................................8-14 Chapter 9 HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT..........................................................................9-1 Health Service Support Across the Levels of War..............................................9-1 Principles of Health Service Support..................................................................9-3 Levels of Medical Care.......................................................................................9-3 Functional Areas.................................................................................................9-4 Chapter 10 HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPORT.....................................................................10-1 Human Resource Support Across the Levels of War.......................................10-1 Manning the Force............................................................................................10-2 Personnel Services...........................................................................................10-4 Personnel Support............................................................................................10-6 Chapter 11 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS..................................................11-1 Finance Operations...........................................................................................11-1 Tactical Finance Support..................................................................................11-2 Resource Management Operations..................................................................11-3 Information System Support.............................................................................11-4 Chapter 12 LEGAL SUPPORT TO OPERATIONS.............................................................12-1 Legal Support and Operational Functional Areas.............................................12-1 Legal Support to Operations.............................................................................12-2 Claims...............................................................................................................12-7 Legal Assistance...............................................................................................12-7 Materiel.............................................................................................................12-8 ii __________________________________________________________________________FM 4-0 (FM 100-10) Chapter 13 RELIGIOUS SUPPORT...................................................................................13-1 Religious Support Functions............................................................................13-1 Religious Support Across the Levels of War....................................................13-2 Unit Religious Support......................................................................................13-3 Transportation and Information Systems.........................................................13-3 Chapter 14 BAND SUPPORT.............................................................................................14-1 Types of Army Band Support...........................................................................14-1 Types of Army Bands.......................................................................................14-2 Appendix A ENGINEERING SUPPORT TO CSS OPERATIONS........................................A-1 GLOSSARY..........................................................................................Glossary-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................Bibliography-1 INDEX..........................................................................................................Index-1 Figures Figure 2-1. Relationship between Joint Logistics and Joint Personnel, and CSS Functions.............................................................................................................2-2 Figure 3-1. Force Projection Processes (normal entry, not forcible entry into theater)..........3-9 Figure 3-2. CSS Reach Operations......................................................................................3-18 Figure 5-1. Inter-relationship of the Distribution Plan with the LPT and the Service Support Plan.....................................................................................................5-15 Figure 5-2. The Distribution Pipeline....................................................................................5-16 Figure 5-3. Distribution Operations......................................................................................5-18 Tables Table 2-1. Representative Army Lead Responsibilities for Support to Other Services and Agencies........................................................................................................2-8 Table 6-1. Classes of Supply..................................................................................................6-4 iii Preface The purpose of this manual is to provide the authoritative doctrine by which the Army's combat service support (CSS), as part of the national-theater CSS system, supports full spectrum operations. This manual serves as the Army’s keystone CSS doctrine and bridges the gap between Army doctrine and joint and multinational doctrine. This manual provides the basis for subordi- nate CSS doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leader development, personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF) development to support Army of Excellence (AOE) forces, transitioning Force XXI organizations, and Army Transformation initiatives for a more agile and responsive force. The intended audiences for this manual include— • Commanders at all levels to provide a universal understanding of how CSS is organized and functions to support Army, joint, and multinational forces. • CSS commanders, staffs, and doctrinal proponents to institutionalize the integration of CSS into all Army component, joint force, and multinational missions. • Military students at all levels and within all branches of the Army to provide a broad knowledge of the CSS structure and how it works. The fundamental purpose of the Army is to provide to joint force commanders the sustained and decisive land forces necessary to fight and win the Nation’s wars. CSS is an enabling operation that provides the means for the Army to conduct full spectrum operations. To support full spectrum operations, CSS must provide support to all possible mixes of offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. In some operations, especially support operations, CSS may be the decisive operation. CSS is an integral component of all military operations. Effective CSS maximizes the capabilities of the Army by being responsive to the commander’s needs for agility, deployability, lethality, versatility, survivability, and sustainability. This manual discusses how CSS operations can extend the operational reach of combat forces by maximiz- ing technology and minimizing the CSS footprint. It also discusses how technology continues to enhance the supportability of any mission. CSS may be provided by active component, Reserve Component, Department of Defense (DOD)/Department of the Army (DA) civilian, contractor, joint, and multinational assets. Like the other battlefield operating systems, CSS is the commander’s business. It must be properly planned, prepared for, managed, executed, and assessed from factory to foxhole to enable commanders to successfully execute and sustain full spectrum operations over time and, thereby, extend the operational reach of the force. This manual was written in close collaboration with the writers of FM 1, FM 3-0, and FM 100-7. This collaboration ensures that CSS doctrine is consistent with the sound principles of other Army keystone manuals. ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS The proponent for this manual is U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL- CDD, 3901 A Avenue, Suite 220, Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1899. Unless stated otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. The glossary lists most terms used in this manual that have joint or Army definitions. Terms for which this manual is the proponent manual (the authority), are indicated by boldface type in text. For other definitions, the term is italicized in the text and the number of the proponent manual follows the definition. iv Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support Combat Service Support: The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within the national and theater logistics systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the battlefield. JP 4-0 Though global developments and changing security relationships have changed the specific nature of threats, the role of the Army endures. It is the strategic land combat force that provides CONTENTS the nation with the capability to conduct CSS in Support of Army Mission decisive full spectrum operations on land. Essential Task List........................1-2 Combat service support (CSS) capabilities CSS Characteristics...........................1-4 enable Army forces to initiate and sustain CSS Functions....................................1-6 Engineering Support to CSS full spectrum operations. The fundamental Operations.....................................1-8 purpose of the Army is to provide the land CSS Force Agility................................1-9 component of the joint forces that fight and Distribution-Based CSS...................1-10 win the Nation’s wars, when and where Velocity Management.......................1-11 Situational Understanding...............1-13 required. Army CSS must always be capable Directions in CSS Development......1-14 of supporting this mission. It must also be able to support all possible mixes of offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. In some operations, especially support operations, CSS may be the decisive force of the operation. Operations and CSS are inextricably linked. The purpose of CSS is to generate and sustain combat power and expand the commander’s operational reach. CSS staff officers, in concert with support operations staffs and other staffs of support organizations, provide relevant CSS information to the commander in terms he can rapidly apply to the situation, enabling him to visualize, describe, and direct operations. He must be able to translate information on status and location of resources into the impact on combat effectiveness in the present and near future. To do this, CSS commanders and staff officers must understand the commander’s in- 1-1 FM 4-0 (FM 100-10)__________________________________________________________________________ tent so they can visualize, describe, and direct the activities of their CSS organizations to meet the needs of the supported force. Currently, operations staffs, support planners, and CSS operators, coordinate to reach this understanding by applying their expertise to information available through existing information systems. Future developments in information systems, discussed later in this chapter, will enhance this capability. CSS IN SUPPORT OF ARMY MISSION ESSENTIAL TASK LIST 1-1. FM 3-0 introduces and discusses the Army mission essential task list (METL). The Army METL lists the essential and enduring capabilities of the Army. While the tasks are not necessarily unique to the Army, they define its fundamental contributions to the Nation’s security. CSS plays an important role in each task of the Army METL. SHAPE THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1-2. Through peacetime military engagement, Army forces significantly contribute to promoting regional stability, reducing potential conflicts and threats, and deterring aggression and coercion. In support operations, such as humanitarian assistance or disaster relief, CSS forces make up a large part of the effort. CSS in support of such operations helps promote goodwill toward the Nation and its ideals. CSS may be obtained through such activities as contracting support for field services, maintenance, and storage facilities that help foster economic prosperity in some nations. Through many day- to-day interactions, CSS forces bolster and strengthen multinational partner- ships and foster the development of democratic institutions. RESPOND PROMPTLY TO CRISIS 1-3. Army forces respond to crises in any environment. They are strategically responsive and versatile enough to support the nature and circumstances of any situation. Responsiveness is the ability to increase force presence, to increase the magnitude of the enemy’s dilemma, and to act decisively. CSS is an integral part of the Army’s rapid response. A distribution-based CSS system gives commanders increased management control and visibility of supplies, equipment, and personnel moving to and within the theater. The modular design of CSS organizations and their capability to conduct split-based operations give the force commander flexibility in tailoring CSS to meet the immediate need while minimizing lift requirements and the CSS footprint. Additionally, other CSS reach operations enhance responsiveness by using in- theater resources, such as host-nation support (HNS) and theater support contractors, to provide or augment services for deployed forces. MOBILIZE THE ARMY 1-4. The Army can mobilize Reserve Component forces necessary to meet the contingent needs of combatant commanders or the requirements of war or national emergencies. CSS is a critical part of the mobilization process. As units transition from peacetime to crisis or war, United States (U.S.) Army forces must be quickly brought to wartime readiness in equipment, personnel, supply, maintenance, legal, and medical areas. CSS organizations man and op- erate mobilization stations and aerial and seaports of embarkation. They also 1-2 ________________________________________________Fundamentals of Army Combat Service Support track unit movements. CSS organizations accomplish such tasks while simul- taneously mobilizing their own forces. Currently, 70 percent of the CSS forces are in the Reserve Component. The Army trains and equips these organizations to mobilize and deploy forces, as demonstrated during Operation Desert Shield. During this operation, Reserve Component CSS forces were quickly mobilized and integrated with the active component forces. CONDUCT FORCIBLE ENTRY OPERATIONS 1-5. Army forces gain access to contested areas from the air, land, and sea. Army forces make it possible to seize areas previously denied by the enemy force. CSS supports forcible entry operations by aerial delivery, logistics over- the-shore operations, and ground transportation capabilities. The versatility of CSS organizations make it possible for CSS forces to support forcible entry operations and quickly convert to sustainment operations, when terrain is se- cured. The modular aspect of CSS organizations allows them to be tailored as rapidly deployable and tailorable early entry modules. This capability en- hances their ability to support forcible entry operations. DOMINATE LAND OPERATIONS 1-6. Army forces today are the preeminent land forces in the world. That preeminence translates into the ability to dominate land operations—the decisive complement to air, sea, and space operations. The threat or use of Army forces to close with and destroy enemy forces through maneuver and precision, direct and indirect, fires is the ultimate means of imposing will and achieving a decisive outcome. The commander generates and sustains combat power to accomplish his mission by effectively and efficiently providing CSS. The Army CSS system, as a part of the joint personnel and logistics system, provides personnel, equipment, munitions, fuel, transportation support, and other services required to bring combat operations to a decisive conclusion. 1-7. Sustained land operations establish the long-term conditions required by the United States to support National objectives. Army forces are inherently durable, self-sustaining, and self-replenishing. Robust CSS makes sustained land operations possible. CSS consists of a network of people, organizations, and agencies from the continental United States (CONUS) to the area of operations (AO). Sustaining an operation requires close coordination between joint force and CSS planners; they work closely in planning, preparing, executing, and assessing every phase of an operation. Equipped with the latest technology, CSS commanders deliver personnel and materiel to the joint force commander (JFC), when required to increase his operational reach and sustain operations. Future enhancements in CSS technology will give commanders and CSS planners a more accurate common operational picture (COP) to better support Army and joint forces. PROVIDE SUPPORT TO CIVIL AUTHORITIES 1-8. Army forces adapt and tailor their warfighting capabilities to complement and support civil authorities and agencies at home and abroad. Prompt Army assistance to civil authorities is often a critical and decisive element in disaster relief and crisis resolution. For example, following Hurricane An- drew in 1992, CSS organizations worked closely with the Federal Emergency 1-3 FM 4-0 (FM 100-10)__________________________________________________________________________ Management Agency (FEMA), providing food and water, shelter, clothing, health services, and morale and legal support. CSS CHARACTERISTICS 1-9. The fundamental characteristics of effective and efficient CSS discussed in FM 3-0 apply throughout full spectrum operations. They are consistent and align with the seven logistics principles in JP 4-0. However, an eighth characteristic, integration, is critical to the Army. These characteristics are not a checklist; they are guides to analytical thinking and prudent planning. RESPONSIVENESS 1-10. Responsiveness is providing the right support in the right place at the right time. It includes the ability to foresee operational requirements. Re- sponsiveness involves identifying, accumulating, and maintaining the mini- mum assets, capabilities, and information necessary to meet support requirements. It is the crucial characteristic of CSS; responsiveness involves the ability to meet changing requirements on short notice. Anticipating those requirements is critical to providing responsive CSS. 1-11. Anticipation is being able to foresee future operations and identify, ac- cumulate, and maintain the right mix, capabilities, and information required to support to the force. Anticipation also enables CSS planners to provide in- put on the Army CSS forces the joint/multinational support force requires, so the commander can properly sequence them in the time-phased force and de- ployment data (TPFDD) process. Accurate forecasts of potential operations are necessary to develop a force that is strategically responsive, deployable, and fully capable of performing missions it is likely to receive. Many current CSS initiatives focus on improving the force capability to forecast requirements then execute or act on those forecasts. However, no planner can fully predict the course of the future. A dynamic global society places shifting strategic requirements on the military. Operations often evolve in unexpected directions as commanders constantly seek to exploit fleeting opportunities. Therefore, responsiveness rests on anticipation as well as flexibility. CSS units and personnel continually stay abreast of operations plans and remain flexible and ready to tailor available capabilities rapidly to meet changing requirements. SIMPLICITY 1-12. Simplicity means avoiding unnecessary complexity in conducting (planning, preparing, executing and assessing) CSS operations. It fosters effi- ciency in National and theater CSS operations. Mission orders, drills, re- hearsals, and standardized procedures contribute to simplicity. Emerging CSS information systems can be highly efficient tools to help with such tasks as establishing clear support priorities and allotting supplies and services. FLEXIBILITY 1-13. Flexibility is the ability to adapt CSS structures and procedures to changing situations, missions, and concepts of operations. CSS plans, operations, and organizations must be flexible enough to achieve both responsiveness and economy. The CSS force provides support in any environment 1-4