Fluoride Toxicity in Animals

111 Pages·2015·1.61 MB·English

by  Rakesh Ranjan, Amita Ranjan (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ANIMAL SCIENCES
Rakesh Ranjan
Amita Ranjan
Fluoride Toxicity
in Animals
SpringerBriefs in Animal Sciences
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10153
Rakesh Ranjan · Amita Ranjan
Fluoride Toxicity
in Animals
1 3
Rakesh Ranjan Amita Ranjan
National Research Centre on Camel Department of Veterinary Pharmacology
Bikaner, Rajasthan and Toxicology
India College of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Navania
Rajasthan University of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences
Bikaner, Rajasthan
India
ISSN 2211-7504 ISSN 2211-7512 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Animal Sciences
ISBN 978-3-319-17511-9 ISBN 978-3-319-17512-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17512-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936363
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© The Author(s) 2015
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Preface
It is our great pleasure to present the book, Fluoride Toxicity in Animals. Animals
living in areas where fluorosis is endemic in the human population invariably s uffer
from the toxic effects of excess fluoride intake. Nevertheless, there has been lim-
ited research on fluorosis in animals whereas fluorosis in the human population has
received more attention from biologists, environmental scientists, and management
authorities worldwide.
This book has been written for higher undergraduate and graduate students of
toxicology, veterinary science, animal nutrition, environmental science, public
health workers, animal welfare activists, public health veterinarians, medical pro-
fessionals, and all others interested in the subject. A brief account of physical and
chemical properties of fluorine and different fluoride compounds is given along
with their relative significance in fluoride toxicity. Important natural and anthro-
pogenic sources of fluoride toxicity in animals are described to help identify the
problem. Basic features of fluoride absorption, distribution, metabolism, reten-
tion, excretion, and fluoride tolerance of different animal species are given in brief.
Methods for sample collection, preservation, and fluoride analysis in biological
and environmental samples are described. Important aspects of mitigation and pre-
vention of fluorosis in animals are given in Chap. 7 to help animal health workers
and management authorities.
No book can be claimed to be perfect and complete in all aspects. The scope
of improvement is always left. We sincerely look forward to readers for critical
suggestions.
We express our gratitude to our colleagues, officers, students, scientists, and
teachers for their valuable support. Thanks to Dr. D. Swarup and Dr. R.C. Patra
for providing the opportunity to work in the field of fluoride toxicity under their
guidance.
In addition we want to thank Lars Koener, Ursula Gramm, Amit Cyril Tirkey
and reviewers of the book for their support and suggestions in publishing this book
in a nice shape.
v
vi Preface
We also express thanks to our parents, family members, and friends, as without
their whole-hearted support it would have been impossible to complete this
manuscript.
Rakesh Ranjan
Amita Ranjan
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................ 1
1.1 Fluorine Chemistry ....................................... 2
1.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 2
1.1.2 Distribution of Fluorides ........................... 2
1.2 Is Fluoride Essential for Health? ............................ 3
1.2.1 Fluoride and Human Health ......................... 3
1.2.2 Fluoride and Animal Health ......................... 4
1.3 Fluoride Toxicity ........................................ 5
1.3.1 Fluorosis in the Human Population ................... 5
1.3.2 Fluorosis in Animals ............................... 7
References .................................................. 8
2 Sources of Fluoride Toxicity ................................... 11
2.1 Natural Sources ......................................... 12
2.1.1 Forage, Grasses, and Grains ......................... 12
2.1.2 Water .......................................... 14
2.1.3 Volcanic Activities ................................ 15
2.2 Anthropogenic Sources ................................... 15
2.2.1 Mineral Mixture and Other Feed Supplements .......... 15
2.2.2 Airborne Fluoride ................................. 16
2.2.3 Industrial Effluents ................................ 17
2.2.4 Agrochemicals and Household Products ............... 17
References .................................................. 18
3 Fluoride Kinetics and Metabolism ............................. 21
3.1 Absorption ............................................. 21
3.1.1 Gastrointestinal Tract .............................. 22
3.1.2 Respiratory Tract ................................. 23
3.1.3 Dermal and Other Routes ........................... 24
vii
viii Contents
3.2 Distribution and Retention ................................. 25
3.2.1 Transplacental Passage ............................. 26
3.2.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid ............................... 26
3.2.3 Skeleton and Other Calcified Tissues .................. 26
3.2.4 Teeth ........................................... 28
3.2.5 Exoskeleton ..................................... 28
3.2.6 Hair and Fingernails ............................... 28
3.2.7 Soft Tissues ..................................... 29
3.2.8 Egg ............................................ 29
3.3 Elimination and Excretion ................................. 30
3.3.1 Urine ........................................... 30
3.3.2 Feces ........................................... 30
3.3.3 Saliva .......................................... 31
3.3.4 Perspiration ...................................... 31
3.3.5 Milk ........................................... 31
References .................................................. 32
4 Toxic Effects ................................................ 35
4.1 Acute Toxicity .......................................... 35
4.2 Chronic Toxicity ......................................... 36
4.2.1 General Health Effects ............................. 36
4.2.2 Effects on Calcified Tissues ......................... 37
4.2.3 Effects on Soft Tissues (Nonskeletal, Nondental Effects) ... 42
4.3 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity ........................... 46
References .................................................. 47
5 Fluoride Tolerance .......................................... 53
5.1 Fluoride Tolerance in Different Animal Species ................ 54
5.1.1 Laboratory Animals ............................... 54
5.1.2 Domestic Animals ................................ 54
5.1.3 Wild Animals .................................... 56
5.1.4 Poultry and Other Birds ............................ 58
5.1.5 Insects and Other Invertebrates ...................... 59
5.1.6 Fish and Other Aquatic Animals ..................... 59
5.2 Factors Affecting Fluoride Tolerance ......................... 60
5.2.1 Animal Factors ................................... 61
5.2.2 Dietary and Nutritional Factors ...................... 61
5.2.3 Chemical Form of Fluoride ......................... 63
5.2.4 Dose, Duration, and Continuity of Fluoride Intake ....... 63
5.2.5 Environmental and Other Factors ..................... 64
References .................................................. 64
6 Fluoride Analysis ............................................ 69
6.1 Titrimetry .............................................. 69
6.2 Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric Methods .................... 70
Contents ix
6.3 Gas Chromatography ..................................... 70
6.4 Neutron or Proton Activation Technique ...................... 70
6.5 Potentiometric Analysis/Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method .... 71
6.5.1 Working of Ion Selective Electrode ................... 71
6.5.2 Factors Affecting Performance of ISE ................. 72
6.5.3 Sample Collection and Preservation ................... 73
6.5.4 Electrode Preparation .............................. 73
6.5.5 Checking Electrode Operation ....................... 75
6.5.6 Preparation of Standards ........................... 75
6.5.7 Analytical Techniques ............................. 75
6.5.8 Fluoride in Acid Solution ........................... 77
6.5.9 Fluoride in Alkaline Solution ........................ 77
6.5.10 Points to Remember During Fluoride Analysis .......... 78
6.5.11 Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB) ........ 78
6.5.12 Electrode Filling Solution .......................... 79
6.5.13 Storage of Ion Selective Electrode .................... 80
6.5.14 Fluoride in Aqueous Samples ........................ 80
6.5.15 Fluoride in Soft and Calcified Tissues ................. 81
6.5.16 Fluoride in Vegetation and Fodder Samples ............. 81
6.5.17 Fluoride in Soil, Feed, and Mineral Mixture ............ 82
References .................................................. 82
7 Mitigation and Prevention of Fluorosis .......................... 85
7.1 Minimizing/Withdrawing Excess Fluoride Intake ............... 86
7.1.1 Search for Safe Groundwater Source .................. 86
7.1.2 Use of Surface Water .............................. 86
7.1.3 Rainwater Harvesting .............................. 86
7.1.4 Water Defluoridation .............................. 87
7.1.5 Precipitation-Based Techniques ...................... 89
7.1.6 Adsorption and Ion-Exchange-Based Techniques ........ 90
7.1.7 Reverse-Osmosis-Based Techniques .................. 91
7.1.8 Distillation-Based Techniques ....................... 91
7.1.9 Electrocoagulation/Electrolysis-Based Techniques ....... 91
7.2 Preventive and Therapeutic Measures ........................ 91
7.2.1 Minerals, Drugs, and Other Chemicals ................ 91
7.2.2 Vitamins and Antioxidants .......................... 93
7.2.3 Plant Products/Herbal Medicines ..................... 93
7.3 Minimizing Industrial Fluoride Emissions ..................... 96
7.4 Generating Public Awareness ............................... 96
References .................................................. 96
Appendix ..................................................... 101