Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

410 Pages·2017·87.026 MB·English

by  E. John Fiinnemore and Joseph B. Franzini

The McGraw-Hill Series in Civil and Environmental Engineering Fluid Mechanics with
ENGINEERING ECONOMY Nilson: Design of Concrete Structllres WATER RESOURCES AND
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with Engineering Applications Construction Management McGhee: Water Supply and Sewage Joseph B. Franzini
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McGraw-Hill Higher Education grz, About the Authors
A Division of The McGra1v-Hill Companies
FLUID MECHANICS WITH ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, TENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, NY 10020. Copyright© 2002, 1997, 1985, 1977, 1965, 1954 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Formerly published under the title of Hydraulics, copyright© 1937, 1925, 1919, 1916 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights E. John Finnemore is Professor of Civil Engineering at Santa Clara University,
reserved. Copyright renewed 1953, 1965 by R. L. Daugherty. Copyright renewed 1982 by Marguerite R. Daugherty. No
California. Born in London, England, he received a B.Sc. (Eng.) degree from
part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any London University in 1960, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford Univer
network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. sity in 1966 and 1970, all in civil engineering. Finnemore worked with consulting
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. civil engineers in England and Canada for five years before starting graduate
studies, and for another seven years in California after completing his doctorate.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
He served one year on the faculty of Pahlavi University in Shiraz, Iran, and he
International 1234567890DOC/DOC0987654321 has been a member of the faculty at Santa Clara University since 1979. He has
Domestic 1234567890DOC/DOC0987654321
taught courses in fluid mechanics, hydraulic engineering, hydrology, and water
ISBN 0-07-243202--0 resources engineering, and has authored numerous technical articles and re
ISBN 0-07-112196-X (ISE)
ports in several related fields. His research has often involved environmental
General manager: Thomas E. Casson protection, such as in stormwater management and onsite wastewater disposal.
Publisher: Elizabeth A. Jones Professor Finnemore has served on governmental review boards and as a con
Sponsoring editor: Suzanne Jeans
Developmental editor: Amy Hill sultant to various private concerns. He is a Fellow of the American Society of
Executive marketing manager: John Wamzemacher Civil Engineers and a registered civil engineer in Britain and California. He lives
Senior project manager: Gloria G. Schiesl with his wife Gulshan in Cupertino, California.
Production supervisor: Enboge Chong
Coordinator of freelance design: Rick D. Noel
Interior design: Kathleen Theis Joseph B. Franzini is Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Stanford Uni
Cover design: Ellen Pettengell versity. Born in Las Vegas, New Mexico, he received B.S. and M.S. degrees from
Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock
the California Institute of Technology in 1942 and 1943, and a Ph.D. from Stan
Photo research: Alexandra Trnitt & Jerry Marshall, www.pictttreresearching.com
Supplement producer: Brenda A. Emzen ford University in 1950. All his degrees are in civil engineering. Franzini served
Media technology senior producer: Phillip Meek on the faculty at Stanford University from 1950 to 1986. There he taught courses
Compositor: Interactive Composition Corporation
in fluid mechanics, hydrology, sedimentation, and water resources, and also did
Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Ten Roman
Printer: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company/Crawfordsville, IN research on a number of topics in those fields. Since retirement from Stanford,
Cover images: Top right and bottom right: © Tony Stone Images, Cl37DAQ0034-001R Glen Canyon Dam, worker/jets, he has been active as an engineering consultant and an expert witness. He is
and T36D091268-004R Kurobe Dam, Toyama, Japan; left: Mossyrock Dam, photo courtesy of Harza Engineering
Company, Chicago, Illinois. coauthor of the authoritative and widely used textbook, Water Resources Engi
neering, and of its predecessor, Elements ofH ydraulic Engineering. Through the
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
years, Franzini has been active as a consultant to various private organizations
Finnemore, E. John. and governmental agencies in both the United States and abroad; he was asso
Fluid mechanics with engineering applications/ E. John Finnemore, Joseph B.
ciated with Nolte and Associates, a consulting civil engineering firm in San Jose,
Franzini. - 10th ed.
p. cm. - (McGraw-Hill series in civil and environmental engineering) California, for over 30 years. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil
Franzini's name appears first on the earlier ed. Engineers and a registered civil engineer in California. He lives with his wife
Includes bibliographical references and index. g~iJ j·
ISBN 0-07-243202--0-ISBN 0-07-112196-X (ISE) Gloria in Palo Alto, California. ~-.::: .......................................... uoi'.5isi nbDv 8 1
1. Fluid mechanics. I. Franzini, Joseph B. II. Title. III. Series. \-rJ-:~T-i-il·T=I-O--J-!E:-(-A:- \Li?eSc\' ···················································· , ' ' ' : ' i
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INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN 0-07-112196-X
Copyright© 2002. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for manufacture and export. This book cannot t 45) 1 i ························· U9!)2J!j!'!l,J
be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in North I.;),~;:';·.' Q,==~==~=-- I· s . ·a
America. !I d \1 [) 3!JL (H UH
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Brief Contents
Preface xv
To that great love which encourages humanity
List of Symbols xix
in all its noble endeavors List ofA bbreviations xxv
and Chapter 1 Introduction 1
to Gulshan and Gloria Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids 13
for their loving support Chapter 3 Fluid Statics 45
Chapter 4 Basics of Fluid Flow 97
Chapter 5 Energy in Steady Flow 127
Chapter 6 Momentum and Forces in Fluid Flow 185
Chapter 7 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis 232
Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits 255
Chapter 9 Forces on Immersed Bodies 356
Chapter 10 Steady Flow in Open Channels 407
Chapter 11 Fluid Measurements 491
Chapter 12 Unsteady-Flow Problems 546
Chapter 13 Steady Flow of Compressible Fluids 580
Chapter 14 Ideal Flow Mathematics 622
Chapter 15 Hydraulic Machinery-Pumps 647
Chapter 16 Hydraulic Machinery-Turbines 685
Appendixes
A Fluid and Geometric Properties 729
B Equations in Fluid Mechanics 740
C Programming and Computer Applications 745
D Examples of Using Solvers 754
E References 764
F Answers to Exercises 769
Index 777
vii
!!
I
Contents
Preface xv 3.2 Variation of Pressure in a
List of Symbols xix Static Fluid 46
List ofA bbreviations xxv 3.3 Pressure Expressed in
Height of Fluid 50
3.4 Absolute and Gage Pressures 53
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
3.5 Measurement of Pressure 55
1.1 Scope of Fluid Mechanics 1 3.6 Force on a Plane Area 66
1.2 Historical Sketch of the Development 3.7 Center of Pressure 68
of Fluid Mechanics 2 3.8 Force on a Curved Surface 77
1.3 The Book, Its Contents, and How to 3.9 Buoyancy and Stability of
Best Study Fluid Mechanics 3 Submerged and Floating
1.4 Approach to Problem Solving 4 Bodies 81
1.5 Dimensions and Units 6 3.10 Liquid Masses Subjected to
Acceleration 88
Problems 92
Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids 13
2.1 Distinction Between a Solid Chapter 4 Basics of Fluid Flow 97
and a Fluid 13
4.1 Types of Flow 97
2.2 Distinction Between a Gas
4.2 Laminar and Turbulent
and a Liquid 13
Flow 98
2.3 Density, Specific Weight, Specific
4.3 Steady Flow and Uniform
Volume, and Specific Gravity 14
Flow 101
2.4 Compressible and Incompressible
4.4 Path Lines, Streamlines, and
Fluids 16
Streak Lines 102
2.5 Compressibility of Liquids 17
4.5 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity 103
2.6 Specific Weight of Liquids 19
4.6 Fluid System and Control
2.7 Property Relations for
Volume 106
Perfect Gases 22
4.7 Equation of Continuity 108
2.8 Compressibility of Perfect Gases 25
4.8 One-, Two-, and
2.9 Standard Atmosphere 27
Three-Dimensional Flow 110
2.10 Ideal Fluid 29
4.9 The Flow Net 111
2.11 Viscosity 29
4.10 Use and Limitations of the
2.12 Surface Tension 37
FlowNet 114
2.13 Vapor Pressure of Liquids 40
4.11 Frame of Reference in
Problems 41 Flow Problems 117
4.12 Velocity and Acceleration in
Steady Flow 117
Chapter 3 Fluid Statics 45
4.13 Velocity and Acceleration in
3.1 Pressure at a Point the Same in Unsteady Flow 121
All Directions 45 Problems 124
ix
X Contents Contents xi
Chapter 5 Energy in Steady Flow 127 6.7 Moving Vanes: Relation Between 8.11 Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow 276 9.6 Boundary-Layer Separation and
Absolute and Relative Velocities 200 8.12 Pipe Roughness 280 Pressure Drag 372
5.1 Energies of a Flowing Fluid 127 6.8 Force of a Jet on One or More Moving 8.13 Chart for Friction Factor 282 9.7 Drag on Three-Dimensional Bodies
5.2 Equation for Steady Motion of an Ideal Vanes or Blades 201 8.14 Single-Pipe Flow: Solution Basics 285 (Incompressible Flow) 374
Fluid Along a Streamline, and 6.9 Reaction of a Jet 206 8.15 Single-Pipe Flow: Solution by 9.8 Drag on Two-Dimensional Bodies
Bernoulli's Theorem 131 6.10 Jet Propulsion 210 Trials 287 (Incompressible Flow) 382
5.3 Equation for Steady Motion of a Real 6.11 Rotating Machines: Continuity, Relative 8.16 Single-Pipe Flow: Direct Solutions 293 9.9 Lift and Circulation 385
Fluid Along a Streamline 135 Velocities, Torque 212 8.17 Single-Pipe Flow: Automated 9.10 Ideal Flow About a Cylinder 387
5.4 Pressure in Fluid Flow 138 6.12 Head Equivalent of Mechanical Solutions 296 9.11 Lift of an Airfoil 390
5.5 General Energy Equation for Steady Work 219 8.18 Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe 9.12 Induced Drag on Airfoil of Finite
Flow of Any Fluid 140
6.13 Flow Through a Rotating Channel 219 Flow 298 Length 392
5.6 Energy Equations for Steady Flow of 6.14 Reaction with Rotation 220 8.19 Nonrigorous Head-Loss 9.13 Lift and Drag Diagrams 395
Incompressible Fluids,
6.15 Momentum Principle Applied to Equations 300 9.14 Effects of Compressibility on Drag
Bernoulli's Theorem 143 Propellers and Windmills 222 8.20 Minor Losses in Turbulent Flow 301 and Lift 399
5.7 Energy Equation for Steady Flow of 8.21 Loss of Head at Entrance 302 9.15 Concluding Remarks 401
Problems 226
Compressible Fluids 147
8.22 Loss of Head at Submerged Problems 402
5.8 Head 150
Discharge 303
5.9 Power Considerations in Fluid
Chapter 7 Similitude and Dimensional 8.23 Loss Due to Contraction 305
Flow 150 Chapter 10 Steady Flow in Open
Analysis 232 8.24 Loss Due to Expansion 307
5.10 Cavitation 154 8.25 Loss in Pipe Fittings 312 Channels 407
5.11 Definition of Hydraulic Grade Line and 7.1 Definition and Uses of Similitude 232
8.26 Loss in Bends and Elbows 312 10.1 Open Channels 407
Energy Line 158 7.2 Geometric Similarity 232 8.27 Single-Pipe Flow with Minor 10.2 Uniform Flow 409
5.12 Loss of Head at Submerged 7.3 Kinematic Similarity 233
Losses 315 10.3 Solution of Uniform Flow
Discharge 160 7.4 Dynamic Similarity 234
8.28 Pipeline with Pump or Turbine 321 Problems 414
5.13 Application of Hydraulic Grade Line 7.5 Scale Ratios 241 8.29 Branching Pipes 326 10.4 Velocity Distribution in Open
and Energy Line 161 7.6 Comments on Models 243
8.30 Pipes in Series 333 Channels 419
5.14 Method of Solution of Liquid Flow 7.7 Dimensional Analysis 245
8.31 Pipes in Parallel 336 10.5 "Wide and Shallow" Flow 421
Problems 165 Problems 252 8.32 Pipe Networks 339 10.6 Most Efficient Cross Section 422
5.15 Jet Trajectory 169
8.33 Further Topics in Pipe Flow 343 10.7 Circular Sections Not Flowing
5.16 Flow in a Curved Path 172
Problems 344 Full 426
5.17 Forced or Rotational Vortex 173 Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow
10.8 Laminar Flow in Open Channels 429
5.18 Free or Irrotational Vortex 176 in Pressure Conduits 255
10.9 Specific Energy and Alternate Depths
Chapter 9 Forces on Immersed
Problems 179 8.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 255 of Flow in Rectangular Channels 431
Bodies 356
8.2 Critical Reynolds Number 256 10.10 Subcritical and Supercritical Flow 436
8.3 Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic 9.1 Introduction 356 10.11 Critical Depth in Nonrectangular
Chapter 6 Momentum and Forces in
Diameter 258 9.2 Friction Drag of Boundary Layer Channels 438
Fluid Flow 185
8.4 Friction Head Loss in Conduits of Incompressible Flow 358 10.12 Occurrence of Critical Depth 441
6.1 Development of the Momentum Constant Cross Section 258 9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer for 10.13 Humps and Contractions 442
Principle 185 8.5 Friction in Circular Conduits 261 Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth 10.14 Nonuniform, or Varied, Flow 448
6.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 188 8.6 Friction in Noncircular Conduits 9 263 Flat Plate 360 10.15 Energy Equation for Gradually Varied
6.3 Momentum Correction Factor 189 8.7 Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes 264 9. 4 · Turbulent Boundary Layer for Flow 449
6.4 Applications of the Momentum 8.8 Entrance Conditions in Laminar Incompressible Flow Along a Smooth 10.16 Water-Surface Profiles in Gradually
Principle 190 Flow 265 Flat Plate 365 Varied Flow (Rectangular
6.5 Force on Pressure Conduits 193 8.9 Turbulent Flow 268 9.5 Friction Drag for Incompressible Flow Channels) 452
6.6 Force of a Free Jet on a Stationary 8.10 Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Along a Smooth Flat Plate with a 10.17 Examples of Water-Surface
Vane or Blade 198 Flow 271 Transition Regime 369 Profiles 456
xil Contents Contents xiii
10.18 The Hydraulic Jump 460 12.5 Velocity of Pressure Wave in 14.7 Orthogonality of Streamlines and 16.4 Head on an Impulse Turbine and
10.19 Location of Hydraulic Jump 465 Pipes 558 Equipotential Lines 636 Efficiency 691
10.20 Velocity of Gravity Waves 468 12.6 Water Hammer 559 14.8 Flow Through Porous Media 639 16.5 Nozzles for Impulse
10.21 Flow Around Channel Bends 471 12.7 Surge Tanks 569 Problems 642 Turbines 695
10.22 Transitions 474 Problems 574 16.6 Reaction Turbines 697
10.23 Hydraulics of Culverts 476 Chapter 15 Hydraulic Machinery 16.7 Action of the Reaction
10.24 Further Topics in Open-Channel Chapter 13 Steady Flow of Compressible Pumps 647 Turbine 701
Flow 480 16.8 Draft Tubes and Effective Head on
Fluids 580 15.1 Description of Centrifugal and Reaction Turbines 702
Problems 481 13.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 580 Axial-Flow Pumps 647 16.9 Efficiency of Turbines 706
13.2 Fundamental Equations Applicable 15.2 Head Developed by a Pump 651 16.10 Similarity Laws for Reaction
Chapter 11 Fluid Measurements 491 to the Flow of Compressible 15.3 Pump Efficiency 652 Turbines 708
11.1 Measurement of Fluid Properties 491 Fluids 584 15.4 Similarity Laws for Pumps 652 16.11 Peripheral-Velocity Factor and Specific
11.2 Measurement of Static 13.3 Speed of Sound 585 15.5 Performance Characteristics of Pumps Speed of Turbines 711
Pressure 495 13.4 Adiabatic Flow (With or Without at Constant Speed 655 16.12 Cavitation in Turbines 713
11.3 Measurement of Velocity with Friction) 588 15.6 Performance Characteristics at 16.13 Selection of Turbines 717
Pitot Tubes 496 13.5 Stagnation Properties 589 Different Speeds and Sizes 658 16.14 Pump Turbine 719
11.4 Measurement of Velocity by Other 13.6 Isentropic Flow 593 15.7 Operating Point of a Pump 660 16.15 Turbine Installations 720
15.8 Specific Speed of Pumps 662
Methods 500 13.7 Effect of Area Variation on Problems 722
15.9 Peripheral-Velocity Factor 665
11.5 Measurement of Discharge 503 One-Dimensional Compressible
15.10 Cavitation in Pumps 666
11.6 Orifices, Nozzles, and Tubes 505 Flow 594
15.11 Viscosity Effect 671 Appendixes
11.7 Venturi Meter 515 13.8 Compressible Flow Through a
11.8 Flow Nozzle 519 Converging Nozzle 596 15.12 Selection of Pumps 671 A Fluid and Geometric Properties 729
11.9 Orifice Meter 522 13.9 Isentropic Flow Through a 15.13 Pumps Operating in Series and B Equations in Fluid Mechanics 740
11.10 Flow Measurement of Converging-Diverging Nozzle 600 in Parallel 675 C Programming and Computer
Compressible Fluids 524 13.10 One-Dimensional Shock Wave 603 15.14 Pump Installations 677 Applications 745
11.11 Thin-Plate Weirs 527 13.11 The Oblique Shock Wave 607 Problems 679 D Examples of Using Solvers 754
11.12 Streamlined Weirs and Free 13.12 Isothermal Flow 609 E References 764
Overfall 533 13.13 Isothermal Flow in a Constant-Area Chapter 16 Hydraulic Machinery- F Answers to Exercises 769
11.13 Overflow Spillway 536 Duct 610 Turbines 685
11.14 Sluice Gate 538 13.14 Adiabatic Flow in a Constant-Area 16.1 Hydraulic Turbines 685 Ind.ex 777
11.15 Measurement of Liquid-Surface Duct 614 16.2 Impulse Turbines 686
Elevation 540 13.15 Comparison of Flow Types 618 16.3 Action of the Impulse Turbine 689
11.16 Other Methods of Measuring 13.16 Concluding Remarks 619
Discharge 540 Problems 619
Problems 541
Chapter 14 Ideal Flow
Chapter U Unsteady-Flow Mathematics 622
Problems 546
14.1 Differential Equation of
12.1 Introduction 546 Continuity 622
12.2 Discharge with Varying 14.2 Irrotational Flow 625
Head 546 14.3 Circulation and Vorticity 627
12.3 Unsteady Flow of Incompressible 14.4 The Stream Function 629
Fluids in Pipes 550 14.5 Basic Flow Fields 631
12.4 Approach to Steady Flow 554 14.6 Velocity Potential 635
Preface
Philosophy and History
This tenth edition of the classic textbook, Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Ap
plications, continues and improves on its tradition of explaining the physical
phenomena of fluid mechanics and applying its basic principles in the simplest
and clearest possible manner without the use of complicated mathematics. It fo
cuses on civil, environmental, and agricultural engineering problems, although
mechanical and aerospace engineering topics are also strongly represented. The
book is written as a text for a first course in fluid mechanics for engineering stu
dents, with sufficient breadth of coverage that it can serve in a number of ways
for a second course if desired.
Thousands of engineering students and practitioners throughout the world
have used this book for over 85 years; it is widely distributed as an International
Edition, and translations into Spanish and Korean are available. The book is
now in its third generation of authorship. Though this tenth edition is very dif
ferent from the first edition, it retains the same basic philosophy and presenta
tion of fluid mechanics as an engineering subject that Robert L. Daugherty
originally developed over his many years of teaching at Cornell University,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the California Institute of Technology.
The first edition that Professor Daugherty authored was published in 1916 with
the title Hydraulics. He revised the book four times. On the fifth edition (fourth
revision) Dr. Alfred C. Ingersoll assisted him, and they changed the title of the
book to Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications. The sixth and seventh
editions were entirely the work of Professor Franzini. A student of Daugherty's
at Caltech, Franzini had received his first exposure to the subject of fluid me
chanics from the fourth edition of the book. Professor Franzini enlisted the
services of Professor Finnemore, a former student of Franzini's at Stanford, to
assist him with the eighth and ninth editions. This tenth edition is the work of
Dr. Finnemore, with the exception of Chapters 15 and 16, which Dr. Franzini
revised.
The Book, Its Organization
We feel it is most important that the engineering student clearly visualize the
physical situation under consideration. Throughout the book, therefore, we place
considerable emphasis on physical phenomena of fluid mechanics. We stress the
governing principles, the assumptions made in their development, and their lim
its of applicability, and show how we can apply the principles to the solution of
practical engineering problems. The emphasis is on teachability for the instructor
and on clarity for both the instructor and the student, so that they can readily
grasp basic principles and applications. Numerous worked sample problems are
xv
xvi Preface Preface xvii
presented to demonstrate the application of basic principles. These sample prob New features in other chapters include: information about computational
lems also help to clarify the text. Drill exercises with answers provided follow fluid dynamics, with a supporting figure and photograph; various aspects of
most sections to help students rapidly reinforce their understanding of the sub single-pipe flow are now separated out into different sections; a treatment of
jects and concepts. The end-of-chapter problems presented for assignment pur submerged discharge into moving water; information about conveyance in open
poses were carefully selected to provide the student with a thorough workout in channels; a clarified treatment of optimal hydraulic efficiency of channel flow; a
the application of basic principles. Only by working numerous exercises and table summarizing damming action; descriptions of methods of measuring fluid
problems will students experience the evolution so necessary to the learning velocity using laser light; data on the hydraulic conductivities of major geologic
process. We recommend ways to study fluid mechanics and to approach problem deposits; and a discussion of affinity laws for pumps. We have increased the total
solving in Chapter 1. number of exercises and problems in the book to 1354.
The book is essentially "self-contained." The treatment is such that an in There are two new appendices. One summarizes the characteristics and
structor generally need not resort to another reference to answer any question properties of the main types of equations used in fluid mechanics. The other
that a student might normally be expected to ask. This has required more de provides examples of using equation solvers and polynomial solvers, on HP48G
tailed discussion than that needed for a more superficial presentation of certain calculators and in Excel and Mathcad, to solve selected sample problems. In ad
topics. A list of selected references is provided at the end of the book to serve as dition, Appendix C, on programming and computer applications, is upgraded by
a guide for those students who wish to probe deeper into the various fields of the addition of many examples of applications software that model flow systems,
fluid mechanics. The appendix section contains information on physical proper components, processes, and flow fields.
ties of fluids and other useful tables, Chapter 1 contains information on dimen
sions and units, and, for convenient reference, the insides of the covers contain
Use of the Book, Course Planning
conversion factors and important quantities and definitions.
Even though we use British Gravitational (BG) units (feet, slugs, seconds, An excellent, brief first course in fluid mechanics could consist of Chapters 1
pounds) as the primary system of units, we give the corresponding SI units in the through 7 and the first half of Chapter 8; however, one might wish to include
text. We provide sample problems, and exercises and problems in BG and in SI parts of Chapters 11 (Fluid Measurements) and 14 (Ideal Flow Mathematics) in
units in near equal numbers. We have made every effort to ease the changeover a first course. Schools having stringent requirements in fluid mechanics might
from BG units to SI units; Chapter 1 includes a discussion of unit systems and wish to cover the entire text in their course or courses required of all engineers.
conversion of units. We encourage instructors to assign problems in each system At other schools only partial coverage of the text might suffice for the course
so that students become conversant with both. required of all engineers, and they might cover other portions of the text in a
second course for students in a particular branch of engineering. Thus civil,
Improvements to This Edition environmental, and agricultural engineers would emphasize Chapter 10 and
perhaps Chapter 12 in a second course, while mechanical engineers would prob
Probably the most noticeable improvement made throughout this edition will ably include Chapters 9 and 13 in a second course. A number of .schools have
be our addition of many figures ( over 110), to help present exercises and prob used the book for courses in hydraulic machinery.
lems, and to help explain solutions of sample problems. Also, throughout we For instructors only, a companion Solutions Manual is available from
have made the use of programming and computers optional, we have included McGraw-Hill that contains typed and carefully explained solutions to all the ex
more ways to solve trial-and-error problems, and we have added more cross ercises and end-of-chapter problems in the book; for convenience, the problem
references. statements and problem figures are repeated with the solutions. The manual
In this revision, we have given special attention to the first eight chapters. contains suggestions on how to use it most effectively to select problems for as
There we have improved understandability by simplifying and clarifying text signment, and a Problem Selection Guide for each chapter categorizes the prob
and sample problems that were more involved, and by thoroughly modernizing lems by their difficulty, length, units used, and any special features.
the language, as well as adding figures. Of the exercises and problems in these
chapters, 40% are now new or changed from the previous edition.
Acknowledgments
Chapter 5 is strongly revised, with the basic derivation of Bernoulli's equa
tion moved to a very early position, alternate forms of the equation added, and We appreciate the many comments and suggestions that we have received from
the assumptions on which it is based clarified. A new, clear distinction is made users of the book throughout the years, and from numerous anonymous
between wall ( or pipe) friction head loss and total head loss in pipes, and this is indepth reviews arranged by McGraw-Hill. In particular, we thank the following
carried forward into subsequent chapters. How cavitation causes damage is bet reviewers for this tenth edition: Kenneth Edwards, Ohio University; Joel
ter explained with the aid of a new microphotograph of an imploding bubble. Melville, Auburn University; A. R. Rao, Purdue University; Henry Santeford,
xviii
Preface
List of Symbols
Michigan Technological University; Yiannis Ventikos, Georgia Institute of
Technology; Vaughan Voller, University of Minnesota; and Mark Widdowson,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. They have all influenced the
content and mode of presentation of the material. Further comments and sug
gestions for future editions of the book are always welcome.
We are very grateful for the care, assistance, and guidance that many peo
ple at McGraw-Hill and its subcontractors have provided to us in the prepara The following table lists the letter symbols generally used throughout the text.
tion of this edition. Particularly, we appreciate the startup support that our de Because there are so many more concepts than there are English and suitable
velopmental editor, Eric Munson, gave us, and the unflagging cooperation and Greek letters, certain conflicts are unavoidable. However, where we have used
patience of our production manager, Gloria Schiesl. the same letter for different concepts, the topics are so far removed from each
other that no confusion should result. Occasionally we will use a particular let
E. John Finnemore
ter in one special case only, but we will clearly indicate this local deviation from
Joseph B. Franzini
the table, and will not use it elsewhere. We give the customary units of mea
surement for each item in the British Gravitational (BG) system, with the cor
responding SI unit in parentheses or brackets.
For the most part, we have attempted to adhere to generally accepted sym
bols, but not always.
A = any area, ft2 (m2
)
= cross-sectional area of a stream normal to the velocity, ft2 (m2
)
= area in turbines or pumps normal to the direction of the
absolute velocity of the fluid, ft2 (m2
)
Ac = circumferential flow area, ft2 (m2)
As = area of a liquid surface as in a tank or reservoir, ft2 or acre
(m2 or hectare)
a = area in turbines or pumps normal to the relative velocity of the
fluid, ft2 (m2
)
= linear acceleration, ft/sec2 (m/s2)
B = any width, ft (m)
= width of open channel at water surface, ft (m)
= width of turbine runner or pump impeller at periphery, ft (m)
b = bottom width of open channel, ft (m)
C = cavitation number = (p - Pv)/(½ p V2) [dimensionless]
C = any coefficient [dimensionless]
= Chezy coefficient [ft112sec-1 (m112s-1)]
Cc = coefficient of contraction } f rifi b d
_ ffi . f d" h or o ces, tu es, an
CCvd -= ccooeef ficc1ieenntt oo f ve1sloc caitryg e nozz1 e s [all d"1 IDens1. 0 nl ess ]
Cn = drag coefficient [dimensionless]
C = average friction-drag coefficient for total surface
1
[dimensionless]
CHW = Hazen-Williams pipe roughness coefficient, ft037/sec (m037/s)
CL = lift coefficient [dimensionless]
CP = pressure coefficient= L1p/(fpV2 [dimensionless]
)
c = specific heat of liquid, Btu/(slug·0R) [cal/(g·K) or N·ml(kg·K)]
= wave velocity (celerity), fps (mis)
= sonic (i.e., acoustic) velocity (celerity), fps (mis)
xix
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