Table Of ContentShiv Kumar
Fluid
Mechanics
(Vol. 1)
Basic Concepts and Principles
Fourth Edition
Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 1)
Shiv Kumar
Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 1)
Basic Concepts and Principles
Fourth Edition
123
ShivKumar
NewDelhi, India
ISBN978-3-030-99761-8 ISBN978-3-030-99762-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99762-5
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Dedicated
to
My Parents
My Wife Dr. Kusum and My Son Tanishq
Contents vii
Preface
This book has been written for the introductory course on Fluid Mechanics at
the undergraduate level. This book fulfills the curriculum needs of UG students of
Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Production Engineering,
Automobile Engineering, aeronautical Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering,
Tool Engineering and Mechatronics Engineering etc.Fluid Mechanics is dividing into
two volumes. Fluid Mechanics Volume-I includes seven chapters: 1.Properties of
Fluids, 2. Pressure and its Measurement, 3. Hydrostatic Forces on Surface, 4.
Buoyancy and Floatation. 5. Kinematics of Fluid Motion, 6. Dynamics of Fluid Flow,
7. Dimensional and Model Analysis. Fluid Mechanics deals with the innovative use
of the laws of Fluid Mechanics in solving the relevant technological problems. This
introductory textbook aims to provide undergraduate engineering students with the
knowledge (basics principles and fluid mechanics laws) they need to understand
and analyze the fluid mechanics problems they are likely to encounter in practice.
The book is developed in the context of the author’s simpler methodology to
present even complex things. The most positive factor about the book is that it is
concise, and everything is described from an elementary and tangible perspective.
The book presents the concepts in a very logical format with complete word
descriptions. The subject matter is illustrated with a lot of examples. A great deal
of attention is given to select the numerical problems and solving them. The theory
and numerical problems at the end of each chapter also aim to enhance the creative
capabilities of students. Ultimately as an introductory text for the undergraduate
students, this book provides the background necessary for solving the complex
problems in thermodynamics.
Writing this book made me think about a lot more than the material it covers.
The methods I used in this book are primarily those that worked best for my
students. The suggestions from the teachers and students for the further improvement
of the text are welcome and will be implemented in the next edition. The readers
are requested to bring out the error to the notice, which will be gratefully
acknowledged.
Shiv Kumar
vii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to God for giving me the
strength and health for comleting this book. I am very thankful to my colleagues in
the mechanical engineering department for their highly appreciable help and my
students for their valuable suggestions.
I am also thankful to my publishers Shri Sunil Saxena and Shri Jai Raj Kapoor
of Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. and the editorial group for their help and assistance.
A special thanks goes to my wife Dr. Kusum Lata for her help, support and
strength to complete the book.
Shiv Kumar
ix
Contents
Preface to the First Edition vii
Acknowledgements ix
1. Properties of Fluids 1–49
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Solid and Fluid 2
1.2.1 Solid 2
1.2.2 Fluid 2
1.3 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) and Normal
Temperature and Pressure (NTP) 2
1.4 Mechanics of Fluids 2
1.5 Properties of Fluids 4
1.6 Density 4
1.7 Specific Volume 4
1.8 Specific Weight 5
1.9 Specific Gravity 5
1.9.1 Specific Gravity for Liquids 5
1.9.2 Specific Gravity for Gases 6
1.10 Adhesion 6
1.11 Cohesion 7
1.12 Viscosity 7
1.12.1 Kinematic Viscosity 8
1.12.2 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity 9
1.12.3 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity 10
1.12.4 Types of Fluids
1.13 Vapour Pressure 11
1.13.1 Evaporisation and Boiling 12
1.13.2 Cavitation 13
1.14 Surface Tension 14
1.14.1 Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet 15
1.14.2 Surface Tension on a Hollow Bubble 16
1.14.3 Surface Tension on a Liquid Jet 16
xi
xii Fluid Mechanics
1.15 Capillarity 17
1.16 Compressibility 20
Summary 42
Assignment - 1 46
Assignment - 2 48
2. Pressure and Its Measurement 51–96
2.1 Pressure and its Units 51
2.2 Pressure Head 52
2.3 Laws of Liquid Pressure, Hydrostatic Equation and its Application 53
2.3.1 Laws of Liquid Pressure 53
2.3.2 Hydrostatic Equation 54
2.3.3 Application 54
2.4 Pascal’s Law 54
2.5 Atmospheric Pressure and its Measurement 55
2.5.1 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure 55
2.5.2 Aneroid Barometer 56
2.6 Absolute, Gauge and Vacuum Pressure 62
2.6.1 Absolute Pressure 62
2.6.2 Gauge Pressure 64
2.6.3 Vacuum Pressure 64
2.7 Measurement of Pressure 67
2.7.1 Simple Manometers 67
2.7.2 Differential Manometers 78
2.8 Mechanical Gauges 86
2.8.1 Diaphragm Pressure Gauge 86
2.8.2 Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge 86
2.8.3 Dead-weight Pressure Gauge 88
2.8.4 Bellows Pressure Gauge 89
2.9 Pressure Transducer 89
Summary 91
Assignment - 1 94
Assignment - 2 95
3. Hydrostatic Forces on Surface 97–158
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure 97
3.2.1 Total Pressure (F) 97
3.2.2 Centre of Pressure (CP) 97
3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure 97
3.3.1 Hydrostatic Law 98
3.4 Total Pressure (F) and Centre of Pressure (CP) for Submerged Surfaces 98
3.4.1 Vertical Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 98
3.4.2 Horizontal Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 102
3.4.3 Inclined Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 102
3.4.4 Curved Surface Submerged in Liquid 124
3.5 Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure on Lock Gates 135
Contents xiii
3.6 Pressure Distribution in a Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Acceleration 140
3.6.1 Liquid Mass in a Container Subjected to Constant Acceleration in the
Horizontal Direction 141
3.6.2 Liquid Mass in a Container Subjected to Uniform Acceleration in the
Vertical Direction 144
Summary 152
Assignment - 1 156
Assignment - 2 158
4. Buoyancy and Floatation 159–195
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Buoyancy or Buoyant Force 159
4.3 Centre of Buoyancy 161
4.4 Principle of Floatation (Archimedes’ principle) 161
4.5 Metacentre and Metacentric Height 167
4.6 Equilibrium of Floating Bodies 168
4.7 Equilibrium of Submerged body 169
4.8 Determination of Metacentric Height 170
4.8.1 Analytical Method of Determination of Metacentric Height (GM) 170
4.8.2 Experimental Method of Determination of Metacentric Height (GM) 172
Summary 190
Assignment - 1 192
Assignment - 2 192
5. Kinematics of Fluid Motion 197–286
5.1 Introduction 197
5.2 Methods of Describing Fluid Motion 197
5.2.1 Langrangian Method 197
5.2.2 Eulerian Method 197
5.3 Types of Flow Lines 198
5.4 Stream Tube 200
5.5 Types of Fluid Flow 201
5.5.1 Steady and Unsteady Flow 201
5.5.2 Uniform and Non-uniform Flow 201
5.5.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number (Re) 202
5.5.4 Compressible and Incompressible Flow 204
5.5.5 Rotational and Irrotational Flow 206
5.5.6 One, Two and Three-dimensional Flows 206
5.6 Rate of Flow 207
5.7 Continuity Equation 208
5.8 Continuity Equation in Three-Dimensions in Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z) 213
5.9 Continuity Equation: Integral Form 215
5.10 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates (r, θ, z) 216
5.11 Velocity and Acceleration 219
5.12 Stream Function (ψ) 225
5.13 Velocity Potential (φ) 227
