Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition

1031 Pages·2015·25.6 MB·English

F L U I D M E C H A N I C S
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
Third Edition
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F L U I D M E C H A N I C S
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
YUNUS A.
˙ENGEL
THIRD EDITION
Department of
Mechanical
Engineering
University of Nevada,
Reno
JOHN M.
CIMBALA
Department of
Mechanical and
Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania
State University
TM
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TM
FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS, THIRD EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of
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Dedication
To all students, with the hope of stimulating
their desire to explore our marvelous world, of
which fluid mechanics is a small but fascinating
part. And to our wives Zehra and Suzy for
their unending support.
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Yunus A. ˙engel
si rosseforP sutiremE fo lacinahceM gnireenignE ta eht
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,ygren eelbawene rer asaera hcraese rsi H.ytisrevin Uetat Sanilora ChtroN , noitanilased
exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and energy
tnemss elsasiArt sr uofedtohn ctId e eser. vahinertdoHeistavresnoc )rCeAtt Ina(eC
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Dr. ˙engel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has
received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in
authorship in 1992 and again in 2000.
Dr. ˙engel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a
-iremA eht dna )EMSA( sreenignE lacinahceM fo yteicoS naciremA eht fo rebmem
can Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
John M. Cimbala
is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsyl-
vania State University, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engi-
neering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute
of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in
reverof eb lliw eh mohw ot ,okhsoR lotanA rosseforP fo noisivrepus eht rednu 4891
grateful. His research areas include experimental and computational fluid mechan-
ics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air
quality, and air pollution control. Professor Cimbala completed sabbatical leaves
at NASA Langley Research Center (1993-94), where he advanced his knowledge
of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and at Weir American Hydo (2010-11),
where he performed CFD analyses to assist in the design of hydroturbines.
.rD alabmiC si eht rohtuaoc fo eerht rehto :skoobtxet roodnI riA ytilauQ-ignE
neering: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), pub-
dehsil yb ,rekkeD-lecraM ;.cnI slaitnessE fo diulF :scinahceM slatnemadnuF dna
Applications (2008); and Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences , 4th edition
(2012), both published by McGraw-Hill. He has also contributed to part s
fo rehto ,skoob dna si eht rohtua ro rohtua-oc fo snezod fo lanruoj dn aecnerefnoc
.alabmic/ude.usp.enm.www ta dnuof eb nac noitamrofni eroM .srepap
rosseforP alabmiC si eht tneipicer fo lareves gnidnatstuo gnihcaet sdrawa dna
e ht fo rebmem a si eH .gnihcaet fo evol sih fo noisnetxe na sa gnitirw koob sih sweiv
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.)SPA( yteicoS lacisyhP naciremA eht dna ,)EESA(
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(cid:14) (cid:7) (cid:15) (cid:16) (cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:9) (cid:4) (cid:13) (cid:8)
INTRODUCTION AND(cid:2)BASIC CONCEPTS 1
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 37
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PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 75
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FLUID KINEMATICS 133
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BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 185
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MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 243
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 291
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INTERNAL FLOW 347
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DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 437
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APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER(cid:133)STOKES EQUATION 515
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EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT 607
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 659
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OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 725
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TURBOMACHINERY 787
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 879
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Preface xv
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 37
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INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 2(cid:133)1 Introduction 38
Continuum 38
1(cid:133)1 Introduction 2 2(cid:133)2 vity ic GraDensity and Specif 39
What Is a Fluid? 2 Density of Ideal Gases 40
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 2(cid:133)3 vitation apor Pressure and CaV 41
1(cid:133)2 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 6
2(cid:133)4 ic Heats gy and SpecifEner 43
1(cid:133)3 The No-Slip Condition 8
2(cid:133)5 Compressibility and Speed of Sound 44
1(cid:133)4 ws ication of Fluid FloClassif 9
Coefficient of Compressibility 44
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 10 olume Expansion Coefficient of V 46
Internal versus External Flow 10 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 48
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2(cid:133)6 iscosity V 50
urbulent Flow Laminar versus T 11
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 2(cid:133)7 fect ension and Capillary EfTace Surf 55
Steady versus Unsteady Flow 12
Capillary Effect 58
wo-, and Three-Dimensional Flows One-, T 13
Summary 61
1(cid:133)5 olume VSystem and Control 14
Application Spotlight: Cavitation 62
1(cid:133)6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 15
References and Suggested Reading 63
Some SI and English Units 17
Problems 63
Dimensional Homogeneity 19
Unity Conversion Ratios 20
1(cid:133)7 Modeling in Engineering 21
(cid:14) (cid:7) (cid:15) (cid:16) (cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:9) (cid:6) (cid:7) (cid:9) (cid:8) (cid:8)
1(cid:133)8 echnique TProblem-Solving 23
TICS APRESSURE AND FLUID ST 75
Step 1: Problem Statement 24
Step 2: Schematic 24
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 24 3(cid:133)1 Pressure 76
Step 4: Physical Laws 24
Step 5: Properties 24 Pressure at a Point 77
Step 6: Calculations 24 ariation of Pressure with Depth V 78
erification, and Discussion Step 7: Reasoning, V 25 3(cid:133)2 vices Pressure Measurement De 81
1(cid:133)9 ackages are PEngineering Softw 25
The Barometer 81
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 26 The Manometer 84
CFD Software 27 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 88
1(cid:133)10 icant Digits , Precision, and SignifyAccurac 28 3(cid:133)3 Introduction to Fluid Statics 89
Summary 31 3(cid:133)4 ged orces on SubmerHydrostatic F
References and Suggested Reading 31 aces Plane Surf 89
Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 92
and Raindrops Have in Common 32
3(cid:133)5 ged orces on SubmerHydrostatic F
Problems 33 aces ed SurfCurv 95
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