Fluid Mechanics - GTUCAMPUS

317 Pages·2009·4.79 MB·English

Fluid Mechanics
Demystifi ed
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Fluid Mechanics
Demystifi ed
Merle C. Potter, Ph.D.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Merle C. Potter, Ph.D., taught fluid mechanics for 42 years at Michigan Tech, The
University of Michigan, and Michigan State University. He is the author of several
engineering books, including Thermodynamics Demystified. Dr. Potter’s research
has been in theoretical and experimental fluid mechanics and energy analysis of
buildings. He has received several teaching awards including the 2008 American
Society of Mechanical Engineer’s James Harry Potter Gold Medal.
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
CHAPTER 1 The Essentials 1
1.1 Dimensions, Units, and Physical Quantities 2
1.2 Gases and Liquids 5
1.3 Pressure and Temperature 6
1.4 Properties of Fluids 8
1.5 Thermodynamic Properties and Relationships 14
Quiz No. 1 17
Quiz No. 2 19
CHAPTER 2 Fluid Statics 21
2.1 Pressure Variation 21
2.2 Manometers 25
2.3 Forces on Plane and Curved Surfaces 27
2.4 Accelerating Containers 32
Quiz No. 1 37
Quiz No. 2 40
CHAPTER 3 Fluids in Motion 43
3.1 Fluid Motion 44
3.2 Classifi cation of Fluid Flows 50
3.3 Bernoulli’s Equation 56
Quiz No. 1 62
Quiz No. 2 65
viii Fluid Mechanics Demystifi ed
CHAPTER 4 The Integral Equations 67
4.1 System-to-Control-Volume Transformation 68
4.2 Continuity Equation 71
4.3 The Energy Equation 73
4.4 The Momentum Equation 78
Quiz No. 1 86
Quiz No. 2 89
CHAPTER 5 The Differential Equations 91
5.1 The Boundary-Value Problem 92
5.2 The Differential Continuity Equation 92
5.3 The Navier-Stokes Equations 97
5.4 The Differential Energy Equation 104
Quiz No. 1 105
Quiz No. 2 106
CHAPTER 6 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 107
6.1 Dimensional Analysis 108
6.2 Similitude 116
Quiz No. 1 120
Quiz No. 2 122
CHAPTER 7 Internal Flows 125
7.1 Entrance Flow 125
7.2 Laminar Flow in a Pipe 128
7.3 Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates 133
7.4 Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders 138
7.5 Turbulent Flow in a Pipe 143
7.6 Open Channel Flow 156
Quiz No. 1 159
Quiz No. 2 161
CHAPTER 8 External Flows 163
8.1 Basics 163
8.2 Flow Around Blunt Bodies 165
8.3 Flow Around Airfoils 173
Contents ix
8.4 Potential Flow 175
8.5 Boundary-Layer Flow 184
Quiz No. 1 198
Quiz No. 2 201
CHAPTER 9 Compressible Flows 203
9.1 Basics 204
9.2 Speed of Sound 205
9.3 Isentropic Nozzle Flow 208
9.4 Normal Shock Waves 214
9.5 Oblique Shock Waves 219
9.6 Expansion Waves 224
Quiz No. 1 227
Quiz No. 2 229
APPENDIX A Units and Conversions 231
APPENDIX B Vector Relationships 235
APPENDIX C Fluid Properties 237
APPENDIX D Compressible Flow Table for Air 245
Final Exams 255
Solutions to Quizzes and Final Exams 265
Index 299