Fluid Mechanics: A Problem-Solving Approach

538 Pages·2022·41.701 MB·English

by  Naseem Uddin

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics: A Problem-Solving Approach offers a unique textbook intended
for both undergraduate and graduate mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering
students.
This book works through the comprehensive coverage of fluid mechanics with a
gradual introduction of theory in a straightforward, practical manner. The book
contains many worked-out examples and illustrations which will help the readers
to easily understand the necessary concepts and solution techniques.
This versatile instructional resource contains many interesting elements like:
•  The chapter on pipe flows includes a detailed listing of entrance length and
flow friction correlations.
•  The chapter on oceanic and river waves is included with discussion on various
wave types.
•  The chapter on laminar flows offers exact solutions for cannonical flow cases like
Stoke’s problem, Hagen-Poisuille flow, flow between journal and bearing, etc.
•  The chapter on turbulent flows discusses the turbulence length scales, the turbulence
spectrum, Reynolds averaging and turbulence modeling, and simulations
approaches.
•  The boundary layer theory includes the Thwaites integral method which is not
covered in many fluid mechanics textbooks.
•  The book contains many end-of-chapter problems, and a Solutions Manual is
available for instructor use.
This eBook+ version includes the following enhancements:
•  3 videos are placed throughout the text to help apply real-world examples to
concepts of Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluids, vortices, and additional
information on surface tension.
•  Pop-up explanations of selected concepts as interactive flashcards in each chapter.
•  Quizzes within chapters to help readers refresh their knowledge.

Fluid Mechanics
A Problem-Solving Approach
Naseem Uddin
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Naseem Uddin
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ISBN: 978-1-032-32453-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-32454-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-31511-7 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-32456-2 (ebk+)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003315117
Typeset in Nimbus font
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Access the Support Material at: www.routledge.com/9781032324531
Dedication
Thisbookisdedicatedtomyparents.

Contents
Nomenclature...........................................................................................................xv
Author....................................................................................................................xxv
Preface..................................................................................................................xxvii
Chapter1 Introduction.....................................................................................1
1.1 ContinuumHypothesis.........................................................1
1.2 FluidProperties.....................................................................4
1.3 Density..................................................................................5
1.4 Compressibility.....................................................................7
1.5 CoefficientofVolumeExpansion.........................................7
1.6 SpecificHeat.........................................................................9
1.7 Viscosity...............................................................................9
1.8 NewtonianandNon-NewtonianFluids..............................13
1.9 SurfaceEnergyandSurfaceTension..................................18
1.9.1 Jurin’sLaw...........................................................22
1.10 Nanofluids...........................................................................26
1.11 AnOverviewofFluidAnalysisTypes................................28
1.11.1 Viscousvs.InviscidFlow.....................................28
1.11.2 Steadyvs.UnsteadyFlow....................................29
1.11.3 UniformFlow.......................................................29
1.11.4 Wall-Boundedvs.Free-ShearFlow.....................29
1.11.5 One-,Two-,andThree-DimensionalFlow...........29
1.11.6 Compressiblevs.IncompressibleFlow................30
References.....................................................................................34
Chapter2 PressureandStationaryFluid........................................................35
2.1 PressureinStationaryFluid................................................35
2.2 Hydrostatics........................................................................36
2.3 PressureUnits.....................................................................39
2.4 Manometry..........................................................................42
2.5 AtmosphericAirPressure...................................................45
2.6 StaticLiquidForceonanInclinedSurface........................49
2.7 NormalStressesinStaticFluid...........................................53
vii
viii Contents
2.8 BouyancyForceinFluid.....................................................53
2.9 StabilityofFloatingObjects...............................................56
References.....................................................................................61
Chapter3 KinematicsofFluidParticle..........................................................63
3.1 LagrangianandEulerianDescriptionsofFlowfield..........63
3.2 AccelerationinFluid .........................................................65
3.3 DeformationofFluidParticle.............................................67
3.3.1 ShearStrain..........................................................69
3.3.2 ExtensionalStrain................................................70
3.4 MovementofFluidParticle................................................73
3.4.1 Pathlines...............................................................73
Reference.......................................................................................81
Chapter4 DifferentialFormulationofConservationLaws............................83
4.1 ContinuityEquation............................................................83
4.2 TheNavier-StokesEquations.............................................85
4.2.1 AccelerationinFluid............................................85
4.2.2 BalanceofForces.................................................85
4.2.3 ConstitutiveRelations..........................................88
4.2.4 DifferentialFormulation.......................................89
4.3 Vectors,Tensors,andConservationLaws..........................90
References.....................................................................................95
Chapter5 DimensionalAnalysisandSimilitude...........................................97
5.1 Vaschy-BuckinghamPiTheorem.......................................98
5.1.1 Limitations.........................................................102
5.2 OtherApproachesforDimensionlessNumbers...............102
5.2.1 BalanceofForces...............................................102
5.2.2 RatioofVelocities..............................................106
5.2.3 RatioofLengths.................................................106
5.2.4 RatioofMasses..................................................107
5.2.5 RatioofDimensionlessNumbers.......................107
5.2.6 ScaleAnalysis....................................................108
5.3 Similitude..........................................................................108
References...................................................................................117
Contents ix
Chapter6 TheIntegralAnalysis...................................................................119
6.1 IntegralFormulationofContinuityEquation...................119
6.2 StreamTubeTheory ........................................................124
6.3 EnergyEquation...............................................................125
6.4 LumpedEnergyAnalysis.................................................125
6.5 BernoulliEquation............................................................127
6.6 TorricelliTheoremandOrificeLosses.............................132
6.7 Pitot-StaticTube...............................................................139
6.8 DeterminationofFlowRatesthroughVenturimeter.........141
6.9 ExtendedBernoulliEquation............................................143
6.10 EstimationofForces.........................................................146
6.10.1 IntegralFormulationofMomentumEquation...146
6.10.2 Jet’sForceontheMovingPlate.........................146
6.10.3 RocketThrust.....................................................148
Reference.....................................................................................155
Chapter7 IrrotationalFlow..........................................................................157
7.1 ConceptofStreamFunction(ψ)......................................157
7.1.1 EquationofStreamlines.....................................158
7.2 PotentialFunction.............................................................160
7.3 FlowNet...........................................................................161
7.4 UniformFlow...................................................................162
7.5 PotentialVortexCirculation..............................................163
7.6 CirculationandInviscidVortex........................................167
7.7 CirculationinFreeVortex.................................................170
7.8 SourceorSink...................................................................171
7.9 Superposition:RankineHalfBody ..................................171
7.10 Superposition:SourceandSinkNearby...........................176
7.11 Superposition:Source+Sink+UniformFlow................177
7.12 Doublet.............................................................................178
7.13 FlowAboutaCircularCylinder.......................................180
7.14 FlowalongaSpinningCylinder.......................................183
7.15 MagnusEffect...................................................................185
7.16 CornerFlow......................................................................185
References...................................................................................191
Chapter8 LaminarFlows.............................................................................193
8.1 FlowbetweenParallelPlates............................................193
8.2 FlowbetweenPlateswithOnePlateMoving...................196
8.3 Hagen-PoiseuilleFlow......................................................199
8.4 StartingFlowinaPipe......................................................205