Fluid Mechanics 2nd ed. - P. Kundu, I. Cohen PDF
Preview Fluid Mechanics 2nd ed. - P. Kundu, I. Cohen
L SECOND EDITION PIJUSH K. KUNDU IRAM . COHEN 0 Fluid Mechanics, Second Edition Founders of Modern Fluid Dynamics Ludwig Prandtl G. I. Taylor (1875-1953) (18861975) (Biographical sketches of Prandtl and Taylor are given in Appendix C.) Photograph of Ludwig Prandtl is reprinted with permission from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 19, Copyright 1987 by Annual Reviews www.AnnualReviews.org. Photograph of Geoffrey Ingram Taylor at age 69 in his laboratory reprinted with permission from the AIP Emilio S e eV isual Archieves. Copyright, American Institute of Physics, 2000. Fluid Mechanics Second Edition Rjucsh K. Kundu Oceanographic Center Nova Universily Dmiu. Florida Ira M. Cohen Departnient of Mechanicid En.gineeringa nd Applied Meclurnics Universiry of Pennsylvania Philadelphici, Pennsylvania with a chapter on Computational Fluid Dynamics by Howard H. Hu ACADEMIC PRESS A HarcourL Sciencc and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Coverphoto: Karman vortex street behind a ckular cylindcr at R = 1O S. Photograph by SadatoshiT aneda Coverphoto: Karmnn vortex street behind a circular cylinder at R = 140. Photograph by Snd;ltoshi Taneda @ This book is printcd on acid-frcc paper. Copyright 02002,1990 by Elsevier Science (USA). All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocogy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Academic Pms, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Academic press An imprint afElsevier Science 525 B Streek Suite 1900, San Diego, California9 2101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobalds Road, hdon WClX 8RR, UK http://www.academicpmss.com Library orcOngress Catalog Card Numbcr: 2001086884 International Standard RookNumber: 0-12-1782514 PRIMED m-T HE =D STATES OF AMERICA 02 03 04 Hp 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 The second edition is dedicated to the memory of pijush K. Kundu and also to my wife Linda and daughters Susan and Nancy who have greatly enriched my life. “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” -Albert Einstein “Ifnature were not beauhB1, it would not be worth studying it. And life would not be worth living..” -Henry Poincad In memory of Pijush Kundu Pijush Kanti Kundu was born in Calcutta, India, on October 31, 1941. He received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1963 from Shibpur Engineering College of Calcutta University, earned an M.S. degree in Engineering from Roorkee University in 1965, and was a lecturer in Mechanical Engi- neering at the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi from 1965 to 1968. Pijush came to the United States in 1968, as a doctoral stu- dent at Penn State University. With Dr. John L. Lumley as his advisor, he studied instabili- ties of viscoelastic fluids, receiving his doctor- ate in 1972. He began his lifelong interest in oceanography soon after his graduation, working as Research Associate in Oceanog- raphy at Oregon State University from 1968 until 1972. After spending a year at the University de Oriente in Venezuela, he joined the faculty of the OceanographicC enter of Nova Southeastern University, where he remained until his death in 1994. During his career, Pijush contributed to a number of sub-disciplines in physical oceanography, most notably in the fields of coastal dynamics, mixed-layer physics, internal waves, and Indian-Ocean dynamics. He was a skilled data analyst, and, in this regard, one of his accomplishments was to introduce the “empirical orthogonal eigenfunction” statistical technique to the oceanographic community. I arrived at Nova SoutheasternU niversity shortly after Pijush, and he and I worked closely together thereafter. I was immediately impressed with the clarity of his scien- tific thinking and his thoroughness. His most impressive and obvious quality, though, was his love of science, which pervaded all his activities. Some time after we met, Pijush opened a drawer in a desk in his home office, showing me drafts of several chapters to a book he had always wanted to write. A decade later, this manuscript became the first edition of “Fluid Mechanics,” the culmination of his lifelong dream; which he dedicated to the memory of his mother, and to his wife Shikha, daughter Tonushree, and son Joydip. Julian P. McCreary, Jr., University of Hawaii Contents Preface .................................................. xvii .................................... Preface to First Edition xix Author’s Notes .......................................... xxiz ~~huplt1? r 1.nt roduction 1. Fluid Mechanics.. ............................................ 1 2. Units of Measurement. ........................................ 2 3. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. .................................... 3 4. Continuum Hypothesis ........................................ 4 5. Transport Phmomena ......................................... 5 6. Surfacc Tension .............................................. 8 7. FluidStatics ................................................. 9 8. Classical Thcrmodynamics .................................... 12 9. Perfcct: Gas .................................................. 16 10. Static Equilibrium of a Compressible Medium ................... 17 Exercises .................................................... 22 Literature Cited .............................................. 23 Supplemcntal Reading ........................................ 23 Uiqter 2 (lartcsian X:nsors 1. ScalarsandVeclors ........................................... 24 2. Rotation of Axes: Formal Dcfinition of a Vector ................. 25 vi i
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