Fluid Mechanics 2nd ed. - P. Kundu, I. Cohen

766 Pages·2003·34.6 MB·English

L
SECOND EDITION
PIJUSH K. KUNDU IRAM . COHEN
0

Fluid Mechanics, Second Edition
Founders of Modern Fluid Dynamics
Ludwig Prandtl G. I. Taylor
(1875-1953) (18861975)
(Biographical sketches of Prandtl and Taylor are given in Appendix C.)
Photograph of Ludwig Prandtl is reprinted with permission from the Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 19, Copyright 1987 by Annual Reviews www.AnnualReviews.org.
Photograph of Geoffrey Ingram Taylor at age 69 in his laboratory reprinted with permission
from the AIP Emilio S e eV isual Archieves. Copyright, American Institute of Physics, 2000.
Fluid Mechanics
Second Edition
Rjucsh K. Kundu
Oceanographic Center
Nova Universily
Dmiu. Florida
Ira M. Cohen
Departnient of Mechanicid En.gineeringa nd
Applied Meclurnics
Universiry of Pennsylvania
Philadelphici, Pennsylvania
with a chapter on Computational Fluid Dynamics by Howard H. Hu
ACADEMIC PRESS
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Coverphoto: Karman vortex street behind a ckular cylindcr at R = 1O S. Photograph
by SadatoshiT aneda
Coverphoto: Karmnn vortex street behind a circular cylinder at R = 140. Photograph
by Snd;ltoshi Taneda
@
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Copyright 02002,1990 by Elsevier Science (USA).
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The second edition is dedicated to the memory of pijush K. Kundu and also to my
wife Linda and daughters Susan and Nancy who have greatly enriched my life.
“Everything should be made as simple as possible,
but not simpler.”
-Albert Einstein
“Ifnature were not beauhB1, it would not be worth studying it.
And life would not be worth living..”
-Henry Poincad
In memory of Pijush Kundu
Pijush Kanti Kundu was born in Calcutta,
India, on October 31, 1941. He received a
B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in
1963 from Shibpur Engineering College of
Calcutta University, earned an M.S. degree
in Engineering from Roorkee University in
1965, and was a lecturer in Mechanical Engi-
neering at the Indian Institute of Technology
in Delhi from 1965 to 1968. Pijush came to
the United States in 1968, as a doctoral stu-
dent at Penn State University. With Dr. John
L. Lumley as his advisor, he studied instabili-
ties of viscoelastic fluids, receiving his doctor-
ate in 1972. He began his lifelong interest in
oceanography soon after his graduation, working as Research Associate in Oceanog-
raphy at Oregon State University from 1968 until 1972. After spending a year at the
University de Oriente in Venezuela, he joined the faculty of the OceanographicC enter
of Nova Southeastern University, where he remained until his death in 1994.
During his career, Pijush contributed to a number of sub-disciplines in physical
oceanography, most notably in the fields of coastal dynamics, mixed-layer physics,
internal waves, and Indian-Ocean dynamics. He was a skilled data analyst, and, in
this regard, one of his accomplishments was to introduce the “empirical orthogonal
eigenfunction” statistical technique to the oceanographic community.
I arrived at Nova SoutheasternU niversity shortly after Pijush, and he and I worked
closely together thereafter. I was immediately impressed with the clarity of his scien-
tific thinking and his thoroughness. His most impressive and obvious quality, though,
was his love of science, which pervaded all his activities. Some time after we met,
Pijush opened a drawer in a desk in his home office, showing me drafts of several
chapters to a book he had always wanted to write. A decade later, this manuscript
became the first edition of “Fluid Mechanics,” the culmination of his lifelong dream;
which he dedicated to the memory of his mother, and to his wife Shikha, daughter
Tonushree, and son Joydip.
Julian P. McCreary, Jr.,
University of Hawaii
Contents
Preface .................................................. xvii
....................................
Preface to First Edition xix
Author’s Notes .......................................... xxiz
~~huplt1? r
1.nt roduction
1. Fluid Mechanics.. ............................................ 1
2. Units of Measurement. ........................................ 2
3. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. .................................... 3
4. Continuum Hypothesis ........................................ 4
5. Transport Phmomena ......................................... 5
6. Surfacc Tension .............................................. 8
7. FluidStatics ................................................. 9
8. Classical Thcrmodynamics .................................... 12
9. Perfcct: Gas .................................................. 16
10. Static Equilibrium of a Compressible Medium ................... 17
Exercises .................................................... 22
Literature Cited .............................................. 23
Supplemcntal Reading ........................................ 23
Uiqter 2
(lartcsian X:nsors
1. ScalarsandVeclors ........................................... 24
2. Rotation of Axes: Formal Dcfinition of a Vector ................. 25
vi i