Flow Assurance

803 Pages·2022·22.346 MB·English

by  Qiwei Wang

Flow Assurance
This pageintentionallyleftblank
Oil and Gas Chemistry Management Series
Flow Assurance
Volume II
Edited by
Qiwei Wang
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-822010-8
ForInformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:CharlotteCockle
SeniorAcquisitionsEditor:KatieHammon
SeniorEditorialProjectManager:SaraValentino
ProductionProjectManager:SojanP.Pazhayattil
CoverDesigner:MilesHitchen
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
List ofcontributors..................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER 1 Gas hydrate management.............................................1
Gaurav Bhatnagarand Shawn Gao
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................2
1.2 Fundamentals ofhydrate................................................................3
1.2.1 Definition............................................................................3
1.2.2 Structures.............................................................................3
1.2.3 Phase behavior....................................................................6
1.2.4 Properties.............................................................................8
1.3 Hydrateformation........................................................................10
1.3.1 Hydrate formationscenarios.............................................10
1.3.2 Hydrate formationmechanism.........................................10
1.4 Hydratemanagement inproduction systems...............................11
1.4.1 Risk assessment.................................................................12
1.4.2 Hydrate modeling..............................................................12
1.5 Temperature control.....................................................................27
1.5.1 Thermal insulation............................................................27
1.5.2 Active heating...................................................................32
1.6 Chemicalinhibition......................................................................36
1.6.1 Thermodynamichydrate inhibitors...................................36
1.6.2 Low-dosagehydrate inhibitors.........................................40
1.7 Dehydration..................................................................................64
1.8 Hydrateremediation.....................................................................66
1.8.1 Depressurization................................................................66
1.8.2 Heating..............................................................................67
1.8.3 Chemical dissociation.......................................................68
1.8.4 Model predictionsfor remediation...................................69
1.9 Case studies..................................................................................69
1.9.1 Hydrate management indrytree facilityfacilities..........69
1.9.2 Low-dosagehydrate inhibitor field application...............72
1.9.3 Tommeliten-gamma field.................................................73
1.9.4 RemediationofhydratepluginwestAfricadeepwater
floatingproductionstorageandoffloading............................75
1.10 Summary.......................................................................................77
Nomenclature...............................................................................77
References....................................................................................78
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 2 Paraffin management..................................................85
MikeNewberry and David W.Jennings
2.1 Historyof paraffin management developments..........................85
2.2 Crude oil andparaffinchemistry.................................................88
2.3 Paraffinanalysis andcrude oilcharacterization..........................91
2.3.1 Paraffin analysismethods.................................................91
2.3.2 Crude oil characterization.................................................93
2.4 Paraffindeposition.....................................................................103
2.4.1 Paraffin depositionmechanisms.....................................103
2.4.2 Paraffin depositionmodeling..........................................106
2.4.3 Paraffin deposit characteristics.......................................111
2.4.4 Paraffin depositioncontrol..............................................114
2.5 Pour point/crude oil gelling problems.......................................153
2.5.1 Crude oil gellingmechanism..........................................153
2.5.2 Gelled flowlinecharacteristics.......................................155
2.5.3 Pourpoint treatment........................................................156
2.6 Case histories..............................................................................165
2.6.1 Formationdamage..........................................................165
2.6.2 Well tubing deposition....................................................168
2.6.3 Flowline deposition.........................................................170
2.6.4 Tank bottoms...................................................................175
2.7 Summary.....................................................................................175
Nomenclature.............................................................................176
References..................................................................................177
CHAPTER 3 Asphaltene management...........................................185
Priyanka Juyal and Andrew TYen
3.1 Introduction................................................................................186
3.2 Chemistryof asphaltenes...........................................................186
3.2.1 Composition and structure..............................................186
3.2.2 Solubilityand aggregation..............................................188
3.3 Experimentaltechniquesforasphaltenestabilityprediction.........191
3.3.1 Solids detection system...................................................191
3.3.2 DeBoer plot.....................................................................192
3.3.3 Dead oil tests...................................................................192
3.4 Asphaltene stability modeling....................................................194
3.4.1 Asphaltene instabilitytrend modeling............................194
3.4.2 Asphaltene deposition model..........................................195
3.5 Asphaltene inhibitor lab tests.....................................................198
3.5.1 Precipitation tests............................................................199
Contents vii
3.5.2 Deposition tests...............................................................201
3.5.3 Live oil tests....................................................................207
3.6 Asphaltene control inoil production.........................................211
3.6.1 Prevention........................................................................211
3.6.2 Remediation....................................................................213
3.7 Case studies................................................................................213
3.7.1 Labscreening methods for fieldapplications................213
3.7.2 Evaluating asphaltene inhibitorsfor anoffshore
alaskan producer.............................................................214
3.7.3 Developmentofmultifunctional stabilizers of
asphaltenes......................................................................215
3.8 Conclusion and path forward.....................................................215
Acknowledgment.......................................................................217
Nomenclature.............................................................................217
References..................................................................................218
CHAPTER 4 Naphthenate and carboxylate soap treatment.........227
Jonathan J. Wylde
4.1 Introduction................................................................................228
4.1.1 Overview and chapter orientation..................................228
4.1.2 Naphthenatesand recent history.....................................228
4.1.3 Definitions: acid crude oil and“naphthenates”..............231
4.1.4 Originofacidic crude.....................................................234
4.1.5 Carboxylate and naphthenate soap operational
challenges........................................................................235
4.1.6 Thecontinuum model.....................................................237
4.2 Fouling mechanisms ofnaphthenate andcarboxylate
soaps...........................................................................................238
4.2.1 Analytical techniques for acidic species in
crude oils.........................................................................238
4.2.2 Soapemulsions...............................................................244
4.2.3 Naphthenatesoap solids..................................................252
4.2.4 Highcalcium incrude caused by oil-dispersible
naphthenates....................................................................259
4.2.5 Refinery challenges overview.........................................262
4.3 Chemicalcontrol methodologies and laboratory testing...........263
4.3.1 Introduction.....................................................................263
4.3.2 Preventive chemical strategies........................................264
4.3.3 Remediationand remedial chemical strategies..............270
4.3.4 Laboratory and field testing............................................271
4.4 Concluding remarksand remaining challenges.........................272
viii Contents
Nomenclature.............................................................................273
Acknowledgments.....................................................................274
References..................................................................................274
CHAPTER 5 Inorganic mineral scale mitigation..........................287
Gordon Michael Grahamand DarioMarcello Frigo
5.1 Introduction................................................................................288
5.1.1 The roleof water.............................................................289
5.1.2 Inorganicmineral scalingin the oil environment..........291
5.2 Basic principles ofinorganic scale formation...........................293
5.2.1 Types of inorganicmineral scale...................................293
5.2.2 Inorganicmineral scale formation..................................298
5.2.3 Scale nucleation andgrowth...........................................305
5.2.4 Thermodynamics andkinetics........................................309
5.3 Scaleprediction..........................................................................311
5.3.1 Scale prediction asa component of scale
management....................................................................311
5.3.2 Scale prediction outputs..................................................312
5.3.3 Theory of scale prediction..............................................315
5.3.4 Importance ofqualityinput data....................................319
5.3.5 Example ofthe utilityofmodern scale
prediction packages.........................................................321
5.3.6 Limitations ofscale prediction.......................................322
5.4 Scalecontrol...............................................................................323
5.4.1 Treatment options and scale control strategies..............323
5.4.2 Chemicalinhibition.........................................................330
5.4.3 Types of scale inhibitors commonlyused inoil
industry............................................................................334
5.4.4 Brief history ofscaleinhibitor development..................341
5.4.5 Chemicaldeployment.....................................................342
5.4.6 Chemicalinhibition.........................................................344
5.4.7 Factors controlling the performance of
genericallydifferent inhibitor chemistries.....................348
5.4.8 Laboratoryassessment of scale inhibitors......................359
5.4.9 Chemicalqualification: final considerations..................371
5.5 Scaleinhibitor squeeze...............................................................372
5.5.1 Chemicalsqueezeprocess..............................................372
5.5.2 Chemicalretentionmechanisms.....................................381
5.5.3 Chemicaltesting of scale inhibitor squeeze
treatments:reservoircondition core flooding................387
Contents ix
5.5.4 Theimportance ofappropriate core floodtesting
protocols..........................................................................388
5.5.5 SI Application considerations: formationdamage
and inhibitor retention/release properties.......................392
5.5.6 Importance of accurate assay and monitoring................403
5.5.7 Isothermderivation and near-wellbore simulation.........406
5.6 Scale remediation.......................................................................412
5.6.1 Acid soluble vsacidinsoluble scales.............................413
5.6.2 Mechanical Remediation/Physical Methods...................414
5.6.3 Chemical dissolution.......................................................416
5.6.4 Chemical deployment inscale dissolution.....................417
5.6.5 Acids for ScaleDissolution............................................419
5.6.6 Chelating agents for scale dissolution............................422
5.7 Summary.....................................................................................426
Nomenclature.............................................................................426
References..................................................................................428
CHAPTER 6 Sand control completion using in-situ resin
consolidation.............................................................443
PhilipNguyen and Mike Sanders
6.1 Sand control................................................................................443
6.1.1 Mechanisms andcausesof sand production..................443
6.1.2 Problems/issuesof sand production...............................444
6.1.3 Sandcontrol methods......................................................444
6.1.4 Other wellbore stabilizationmethods for
sand control.....................................................................447
6.1.5 Perforating techniques for completionsusing
sand-consolidation treatments.........................................448
6.1.6 Chemical sand consolidation..........................................451
6.2 Fines Migration control..............................................................472
6.2.1 Mechanisms andcauses..................................................472
6.2.2 Previousfinesmigration control methods......................474
6.2.3 Controlling finesmigration intoproppant pack.............475
6.2.4 Fines migration field case histories................................478
6.3 Proppantflowbackcontrol.........................................................479
6.3.1 Primary proppant flowback control................................479
6.3.2 Remedial methods for proppant flowback.....................490
6.3.3 Lessons learned/recommendations.................................493
Nomenclature.............................................................................494
References..................................................................................494