Flotation: theory, reagents and testing PDF
Preview Flotation: theory, reagents and testing
flotation THEORY, REAGENTS AND ORE TESTING Róñala D. Crozier 752 rr<n PERGAMON PRESS flotation THEORY, REAGENTS AND ORE TESTING Flotation has become one of the most important techniques available for mineral processing. This work provides a unique and authoriíative review of sulphide mineral collector properties, their manufacture and use with specific ores. Special emphasis is placed on the different flotation mechanisms involved in particle capture of sulphide and non-sulphide minerals and the effect of antagonal mechanisms on reagent selection. The author provides details, some previously unpublished, of the chemical properties, manufacture methods and possible surface-active impurities of commercial collectors and frothers. In addition, the chemical composition of a broad number of North American and European commercial reagent designations are usted. Ore sampling, sample preparation, testing machines and routines are covered as practica! guides to mine laboratory staff. Suggestions to testing procedures, equipment selection and graphical data evaluation methods to multivariable problems are provided. Arecommended text for practising flotation mili metallurgists, technicians and professional engineers working in the mining. and mineral processing industry. Also of interest to laboratories serving geologists, mining exploration and water treatment áreas. ISBN O 08 041864 3 9780080418643 FlOTA1'~ON Theorv, Reagents and Ore Testing \ Related Perqamon Titles of ~I"lterest Books DOBBY and RAO Processing of Complex Ores FINCH and DOBBY Column Flotation GILCHRIST Extraction Metallurgy WILLS Mineral Processing Technology Journals Acta Metallurgica et Materialia Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly International Journal of Rack Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts Minerals Engineering The Physics of Metals & Metallography Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia Full details of all Pergamon publications/free specimen copy of any Pergamon journal available on request from your nearestPergamon office. Fl TI Theory, Reagents and Ore Testing by RONALD D. CROZIER, C.Eng., F.I.M.M., Ph.D. Consulting Engineer, Santiago, Chile \ PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD . NEW YORK . SEOUL . TOKYO .e 1¡el c¡';~ Q4C q , o;J~/q~ ./ ..... U,IC Pergamon Press pie, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England U.5A Pergamon Press, lnc, 395 Saw Mili River Road, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.s.A, I<OREA Pergamon Press I<orea, I<POBox 315, Seoul 110-603, I<orea JAPAN Pergamon Press Japan, Tsunashirna Building Annex, 3-20-12 Yushirna, Bunkvo-ku. Tokyo 113, Japan Copyright @ 1992 Pergamon Press pie AII Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedina retrieval system ortransmittedinany form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. First edition 1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crozier, Ronald D. Flotation: theory, reagents, and ore testing/by Ronald D. Crozier. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Flotation. 2. Flotation reagents. 1. Title. TN523.C76 1992 622'.752--dc20 91-33446 ISBN 0-08-041864-3 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data G-UIM A catalogue record for this book is available frorn the British Library Printed in Great Britain by BPCC Wheatons Ud, Exeter CONTENTS lntroductíon 1 Chapter1. Flotatíon Fundamentals 5 Definitionof terms 5 Reagentsemployedin flotation 9 Chapter2. The MechanísmoCFlotation 11 Coursingbubbleflotation 12 Contactangle and Hallimond tubemeasurements 13 Nascentbubbleflotation 17 Electrontransfer to mineralsurface 18 Chapter3. SulphideMineral Flotation 25 Stereochemistryofxanthatesand dithiophosphates 25 Sixcoordination complexes 25 Sevencoordination complexes 26 Dithiolatechemistryandsurface compounds 29 Thiolcollectorbondingwith sulphide minerals 36 The natureof the bubble-particlebond 40 Frother-collector surfacecomplexes 44 Chapter4. Thiol CollectorChemistry 46 Propertiesofxanthates 47 Manufactureof aIkali metalalkylxanthates 49 Manufactureof thiophosphates 55 Manufactureofxanthogenformates 58 Manufactureof dialkyl thionocarbamates 62 Miscellaneouscollectorstructures \ 64 Chapter5. Cornrnercial SulphhydrylCollectors 66 v _"" Chapter6. Propertles ofFlotatíon Froths 85 Flotation frothers and froth hyclrodynamics 85 . Dynamicfroth stability 85 The effect ofthe collectoron froth properties 86 Theinfluence ofthe frother on the rate offlotation 88 Overoiling 92 Chapter7. Chemícal Properties oíFrothers 94 Partiallysolublefrothers 94 Completelywatermiscible frothers 98 Chapter8. Flotation Modifiers 101 Activating agents 102 Inorganicdepressants 103 Organicdepressants 105 Chapter9. Sulpbides -DepressionandActivation 107 Sodium sulphide 107 Chemicalproperties ofsulphides 107 Molybdenumconcentrate cleaning 111 Copperdepression inthe molybdeniteseparation 116 Sodiumsulphideas a depressant 117 The chemistryoftheNokesreagents 120 Sulphidisationofrefractoryores 122 Chapter10. Mili Tests -CaseHistories 127 San Manuel-anon-sulphide moly separationprocess 127 CODELCOAndina-slime sulphidisation 136 CODELCOElTeniente -molybdeniterecovery 147 Chapter11. SulpbideMili Practice 174 Reagentconsumptionintheflotation industry 174 Coppermill data 176 Flotationprocessdesign 200 Coppermillflotationpractice 205 Non-sulphidecopperores 208 Flotationofcomplexores 209 vi u. Chapter Noa-metallíc !\/1!i!ll!eJrall 1Fliot,il!l1:imn 212 Non-sulphide mineral flotation 212 The nature of oilycollector flotatíon 213 Structure of mineral surfaces 216 Mechanism ofcollector adhesion 217 Collectorsfor industrial minerals 220 Fattyacids 221 Anioniccollector chemistry 224 Industriallyimportantfatty acid collectors 225 Cationiccollector chemistry 225 Factorsaffectingselective flotation 228 Metallicoxide minerals millpractice 229 Industrialmineralsmill practice 230 Chapter13. FlotatíonTesting 258 Planninga test 258 Experimentaldesign 260 Testingprocedures 276 Equippingthe flotation laboratory 278 Comparisonoflaboratoryflotation machines 285 Samplingandsamplepreparation 287 Samplingworkingconcentrators 291 Testingroutines 295 Testproceduresusedbya reagentsupplier 297 Recommendationson settingtest conditions 303 Batchflotation tests 306 Standardtest procedureusedbySherexon coal 310 Columntesting 313 Flotationcolumntestingexamples 317 Bibliography 324 Subject Index 336 Author Index 343 \ vii
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