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Fish ecology, evolution, and exploitation: a new theoretical synthesis PDF

277 Pages·2019·8.111 MB·English
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Fish Ecology, Evolution, and Exploitation MONOGRAPHSINPOPULATIONBIOLOGY SIMONA.LEVINANDHENRYS.HORN,SERIESEDITORS Fish Ecology, Evolution, and Exploitation A New Theoretical Synthesis ken h. andersen PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PrincetonandOxford Copyright(cid:2)c 2019byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress 41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540 6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TR press.princeton.edu AllRightsReserved LibraryofCongressControlNumber2018957496 ClothISBN978-0-691-17655-0 PaperbackISBN978-0-691-19295-6 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable Editorial:AlisonKalettandKristinZodrow ProductionEditorial:SaraLerner TextandCoverDesign:CarminaAlvarez Production:ErinSuydam Publicity:MatthewTaylorandJuliaHall Copyeditor:JenniferHarris ThisbookhasbeencomposedinTimesRoman Printedonacid-freepaper.∞ PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface ix Notation xi 1. NothingasPracticalasaGoodTheory 1 1.1 WhatCharacterizesaGoodTheory? 7 1.2 HowtoReadThisBook 8 PartI INDIVIDUALS 2. SizeSpectrumTheory 15 2.1 WhatIsBodySize? 18 2.2 WhatIsaSizeSpectrum? 19 2.3 ScalingofPhysiologywithBodySize 21 2.4 WhatIstheSizeSpectrumExponent? 30 2.5 WhatIsthePredationMortality? 33 2.6 HowLongAreMarineFoodChains? 35 2.7 WhatIstheTrophicEfficiency? 35 2.8 Summary 37 3. IndividualGrowthandReproduction 38 3.1 ThevonBertalanffyGrowthModel 39 3.2 AsymptoticSizeasaMasterTrait 42 3.3 BioenergeticFormulationoftheGrowthEquation 48 3.4 WhichOtherTraitsDescribeFishLifeHistories? 52 3.5 Summary 54 PartII POPULATIONS 4. Demography 59 4.1 WhatIstheSizeStructureofaPopulation? 61 4.2 Reproduction,Recruitment,andDensityDependence 71 vi CONTENTS 4.3 WhyUseaStock-RecruitmentRelation? 75 4.4 WhatIsthePhysiologicalMortality? 76 4.5 Summary 80 5. Fishing 82 5.1 FisheriesSelectivity 84 5.2 ImpactofFishingonSmallandLargeSpecies 86 5.3 FisheriesReferencePoints 89 5.4 WhichGearSelectivityMaximizesYield? 95 5.5 Summary 96 6. Fisheries-InducedEvolution 100 6.1 WhichSelectionResponsesDoWeExpect? 104 6.2 QuantitativeGenetics 106 6.3 EvolutionaryImpactAssessmentofFishing 109 6.4 Summary:WhatIsanEvolutionaryEnlightened FisheriesManagement? 114 7. PopulationDynamics 117 7.1 WhatIsthePopulationGrowthRate? 119 7.2 HowFastDoesaPopulationRecover fromOverfishing? 124 7.3 HowDoesaPopulationRespondtoEnvironmental Fluctuations? 129 7.4 Summary 131 PartIII TRAITS 8. TeleostsversusElasmobranchs 135 8.1 HowDoTeleostsandElasmobranchsDiffer? 136 8.2 HowSensitiveAreElasmobranchstoFishing? 139 8.3 WhyDoTeleostsMakeSmallEggs? 141 8.4 WhyDoElasmobranchsMakeLargeOffspring? 142 8.5 Summary 148 9. Trait-BasedApproachtoFishEcology 150 9.1 Life-HistoryStrategies 152 9.2 TraitsandTrade-offs 154 9.3 TheSweetSpotofComplexity 158 CONTENTS vii PartIV COMMUNITIES 10. Consumer-ResourceDynamicsandEmergent DensityDependence 163 10.1 AConsumer-ResourceModel 166 10.2 EmergentDensityDependence 172 10.3 WheninLifeDoesDensityDependenceOccur? 175 10.4 FishingonaStockwithEmergentDensityDependence 178 10.5 Summary 180 11. TraitStructureoftheFishCommunity 183 11.1 StructureofanUnfishedCommunity 184 11.2 DynamicCommunityModel 189 11.3 DynamicCommunityModelversusAnalyticTheory 193 11.4 SpeciesversusTraits 196 11.5 Summary 199 12. CommunityEffectsofFishing 200 12.1 TrophicCascades 201 12.2 WhatIstheImpactofForageFishing? 204 12.3 WhatIstheMaximumSustainableYieldofaCommunity? 206 12.4 Size-andTrait-BasedModelsforEcosystem-Based FisheriesManagement 209 PartV EPILOGUE 13. TheSize-andTrait-BasedApproach 217 13.1 SizeversusAge-BasedApproachesforFisheriesScience 217 13.2 FutureDirectionsofSize-andTrait-BasedTheory 221 PartVI APPENDIXES A. SingleStockSizeSpectrumModel 233 B. Consumer-ResourceModel 235 C. CommunityModel 237 Bibliography 239 Index 255 Preface Thankstoallthecolleagues,collaborators,students,funders,andeverybodyelse whosepresenceandsupporthasmadeitpossibleformetowritethisbook. The theoryistheproductofmyworkduringmorethanadecadeattheNationalInsti- tuteforAquaticResourcesattheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark.Iamgrateful forbeingpartofthebroadandinspiringscientificenvironmentthattheinstitute has fostered. None of my work would have been possible without support from myotherclosecolleaguesandcollaborators:RobertArlinghaus,JanBeyer,Julia Blanchard, Keith Brander, Keith Farnsworth, Henrik Gislason, Simon Jennings, ThomasKiørboe,JakeRice,UffeH.Thygesen,andAndyVisser,andmystudents: MartinHartvig,NisSandJacobsen,AlexandrosKokkalis,KarinOlsson,andRob vanGemert.FundingtosupporttheworkhasbeenprovidedthroughnumerousEU projects:MEECE,MYFISH,IMAGE,FACTSandFishAce,andinparticularby theVillumFoundationthroughitsgeneroussupportoftheCentreforOceanLife. Thisbookwaswrittenbetweenotherdutiesoveratwo-yearperiod.Particular thanks to Jan Beyer for getting me started and to Thomas Kiørboe for pushing me to finish it. Thanks to Daniel van Denderen, Christian Jørgensen, and Marc Mangelforcomments, andtoRobvanGemertforpatientlyproofingallthetext (remainingerrorsaresolelymyresponsibility).ThanksalsotoSimonLevinand hisinspiringgroupofstudentsandpostdocsforhostingmeatPrincetonUniversity duringspring2016,wherethefirsthalfofthebookwaswritten,andtotheDanish ShellfishCenterforhostingmeduringthefinalstages.Lastbutnotleast,thanks tomywife,Anna,forherpatienceandsupport.

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