Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries – A Global Perspective PDF
Preview Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries – A Global Perspective
Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective River Estuary Surf zone Nearshore marine zone Offshore marine zone Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries A Global Perspective Volume 1 Edited by Alan K. Whitfield South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Grahamstown, South Africa Kenneth W. Able Rutgers University Tuckerton, USA Stephen J.M. Blaber CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere Brisbane, Australia Michael Elliott IECS Ltd, Leven, UK and University of Hull Hull, UK This edition first published 2022 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Alan K. Whitfield, Kenneth W. Able, Stephen J.M. Blaber, and Michael Elliott to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-o n- demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. 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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Applied for Hardback ISBN 9781444336672 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: Volume I: Photographic Image: Ntlonyane Estuary (South Africa) courtesy of © Peter Chadwick; Fish Image: Illustration of juvenile and adult of Lichia amia courtesy of © NRF-SAIAB Set in 10/13pt Times New Roman MT Std by Straive, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 We dedicate this book to our offspring; Alan’s grandchildren Brendan and Rory Stones; Ken’s children Nathan, Colin and Peter Able; Steve’s children Lucy, Gail and Helen Blaber; and Mike’s grandchildren Olly, Dylan and Mycah Elliott. We sincerely hope that they will be able to enjoy well- conserved estuaries and fish stocks, and that the number of healthy systems with an abundance and rich diversity of fish will continue to grow in the decades to come. Contents List of Contributors xx Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxiv 1 Introduction 1 Alan K. Whitfield, Kenneth W. Able, Stephen J.M. Blaber, and Michael Elliott 1.1 Scope of the book 1 1.2 Reasons why this synthesis is important 3 1.3 Estuary definition and types 7 1.4 Chapter descriptions 9 1.5 Conclusions 11 1.6 References 12 2 Fish Assemblages and Functional Groups 16 Alan K. Whitfield, Kenneth W. Able, Stephen J.M. Blaber, Michael Elliott, Anita Franco, Trevor D. Harrison, Ian C. Potter, and James R. Tweedley 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Zoogeography, salinity and estuarine fish assemblages 16 2.3 Estuarine typology and fish assemblages 24 2.4 Fish guilds and functional groups 28 2.4.1 Estuarine Use Functional Group (EUFG) 32 2.4.2 Feeding Mode Functional Group (FMFG) 38 2.4.3 Reproductive Mode Functional Group (RMFG) 44 2.5 Do functional groups drive fish assemblage structure? 47 2.6 Fish functional groups and guild analyses 47 2.7 Acknowledgements 49 2.8 References 49 viii Contents 3 Reproduction, Ontogeny and Recruitment 60 Edward D. Houde, Kenneth W. Able, Nadine A. Strydom, Eric Wolanski, and Timo Arula 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Scope of the chapter 62 3.2 Estuarine support of reproduction and recruitment 63 3.2.1 Replenishment: modes and patterns 63 3.2.1.1 Modes of reproduction 64 3.2.1.2 Early- life stages and nurseries 70 3.2.2 Sources of variability in reproductive success and recruitment 76 3.2.2.1 Habitat and water quality 76 3.2.2.2 Hydrography and physics 77 3.2.2.3 Foods of early- life stages 77 3.2.2.4 Predators 78 3.2.2.5 Weather, climate and estuarine change 79 3.3 Early- life stages and recruitment dynamics 82 3.3.1 Dispersal, transport and retention 84 3.3.1.1 Offshore to estuary transport processes 85 3.3.1.2 Swimming as a transport mechanism 85 3.3.1.3 Near- and within- estuary transport processes 87 3.3.1.4 Retention: estuarine features and processes 89 3.3.2 Settlement 95 3.3.3 Larval and juvenile production processes 97 3.3.3.1 Larval feeding 97 3.3.4 Larval and juvenile production: growth and mortality 104 3.3.4.1 Rates and variability 106 3.3.4.2 Predation 109 3.3.4.3 Environmental factors 110 3.4 Adults and recruitment 113 3.4.1 Adult stock 113 3.4.1.1 Stock structure, contingents and cohorts 114 3.4.1.2 Maternal effects 115 3.4.2 Scales and patterns of variability in reproductive success 116 3.4.2.1 Recruitment levels and variability 116 3.4.2.2 Adult stock and recruitment 117 3.4.2.3 Predicting and forecasting recruitment 121 3.4.3 Recruitment: an integrated, evolved process 124 3.5 Threats to reproduction and recruitment in estuaries 125 3.5.1 Excessive fishing: depletion of adults and by- catch of juveniles 125 3.5.2 Habitat destruction and degradation 125 3.5.3 Impoundments and flow regulation 126 3.5.4 Power plants 127 3.5.5 Estuary contaminants: water quality degradation 127 3.5.6 Eutrophication 128 3.5.7 Climate change 129 3.5.8 Catastrophic events 130 Contents ix 3.6 Case studies 130 3.6.1 Pleuronectiformes 130 3.6.2 Sciaenidae 134 3.6.3 Anchoa mitchilli (Engraulidae) 135 3.6.4 Brevoortia tyrannus and Brevoortia spp. (Clupeidae) 136 3.6.5 Morone saxatilis (Moronidae) 137 3.6.6 Gadidae and Clupeidae (Baltic Sea) 139 3.6.7 Lateolabrax japonicus (Lateolabracidae) 141 3.6.8 Fundulus heteroclitus (Fundulidae) 141 3.7 Summary and conclusions 143 3.8 Acknowledgements 145 3.9 References 145 4 Habitat Use and Connectivity 188 Kenneth W. Able, Charles A. Simenstad, Nadine A. Strydom, Michael Bradley, and Marcus Sheaves 4.1 Introduction 188 4.2 Habitat diversity 190 4.2.1 Water column habitat 191 4.2.2 Unstructured shallow habitats 192 4.2.3 Structured benthic habitats 193 4.2.3.1 Salt marshes 193 4.2.3.2 Submerged aquatic vegetation 196 4.2.3.3 Mangroves 197 4.2.3.4 Shellfish beds 199 4.2.3.5 Woody debris 200 4.2.3.6 Rocky and gravel bottoms 200 4.3 Geomorphological and hydrological variables 201 4.4 Physico- chemical variables 202 4.5 Dynamics of juvenile habitat use 208 4.5.1 Temperature effects 208 4.5.2 Salinity effects 209 4.5.3 Settlement habitats 210 4.5.4 Connectivity among estuarine habitats 211 4.5.5 Alien species 213 4.6 Adult habitat use 214 4.7 Habitat fidelity by juveniles and adult fishes 216 4.8 Ecological context 218 4.9 Connectivity between estuarine, freshwater and marine ecosystems 220 4.9.1 Migrations into estuaries 221 4.9.2 Migrations out of estuaries 223 4.9.3 Migrations between estuaries 225 4.10 Conclusions 227 4.11 Acknowledgements 227 4.12 References 227 x Contents 5 Feeding Ecology and Trophic Dynamics 255 Alan K. Whitfield, Kenneth W. Able, Stephen J.M. Blaber, Michael Elliott, Anita Franco, Trevor D. Harrison, and Edward D. Houde 5.1 Introduction 255 5.2 Fish foraging behaviour and food intake 256 5.2.1 Prey detection 256 5.2.2 Feeding periodicity 258 5.2.3 Food intake 258 5.2.4 Feeding movements and migrations 259 5.3 Factors influencing feeding ecology 261 5.3.1 Environmental factors 262 5.3.1.1 Water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen 262 5.3.1.2 Tidal regime and substratum composition 263 5.3.2 Biological factors 263 5.3.2.1 Body size 263 5.3.2.2 Ontogenetic changes in fish diets 264 5.3.3 Foraging specialisations 265 5.3.4 Opportunistic versus specialised feeding 267 5.4 Ecotrophomorphology 268 5.5 Trophic categorization 270 5.5.1 Herbivorous species 272 5.5.2 Detritivorous species 274 5.5.3 Zoobenthivorous species 275 5.5.4 Zooplankivorous species 276 5.5.5 Piscivorous species 278 5.5.5.1 Cannibalism 280 5.6 Competition, resource partitioning, energy flow and connectivity 282 5.6.1 Intra- specific and inter- specific competition 282 5.6.2 Resource partitioning 283 5.6.3 Energy flow and connectivity 285 5.7 FishBase approach to Functional Feeding Groups 290 5.7.1 Example of an FFG analysis 291 5.8 Fish food sources in estuaries 292 5.8.1 Submerged macrophyte habitats 293 5.8.2 Emergent macrophyte habitats 294 5.9 Food web complexity 295 5.9.1 Vertical and horizontal feeding patterns by fishes 301 5.10 Predators of fish in estuaries 303 5.10.1 Invertebrates 305 5.10.2 Birds 305 5.10.3 Reptiles 307 5.10.4 Mammals 307 5.11 Effects of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on food webs 308 5.12 Acknowledgements 312 5.13 References 312 Contents xi 6 Fishes and Estuarine Environmental Health 332 Henrique N. Cabral, Angel Borja, Vanessa F. Fonseca, Trevor D. Harrison, Nils Teichert, Mario Lepage, and Miguel C. Leal 6.1 Estuarine environmental health: concepts, definitions and assessment 332 6.2 Anthropogenic pressures impacting estuarine fish assemblages 334 6.2.1 Habitat loss and physical degradation 334 6.2.2 Pollution 335 6.2.3 River flow regulation 336 6.2.4 Fisheries and aquaculture 336 6.2.5 Non- indigenous species 337 6.2.6 Climate change 338 6.2.7 Integration of human pressures: the global change context 338 6.3 Fish biomarkers responding to human pressures 338 6.3.1 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification 339 6.3.2 Biomarkers of exposure 341 6.4 Fishes as biological indicators 344 6.5 Main methodological approaches to assess estuarine health using fish as indicators 349 6.5.1 Historical data and reference conditions 349 6.5.2 Experimental approaches 349 6.5.3 Environmental impact assessment and other risk assessment methods 350 6.5.4 Qualitative methods 352 6.5.5 Quantitative indicators 352 6.5.6 Models 352 6.6 Environmental health fish- based indices 353 6.7 Disentangling fish responses in the multi- stress context of global changes 358 6.7.1 Univariate approaches 359 6.7.2 Multivariate approaches 360 6.8 Future research directions 361 6.9 References 363 7 Climate Change and Fishes in Estuaries 380 Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Matthew N. McMillan, Patrick Reis- Santos, Lee J. Baumgartner, Larry R. Brown†, John Conallin, Frederick V. Feyrer, Sofia Henriques, Nicola C. James, Andrés J. Jaureguizar, André L.M. Pessanha, Rita P. Vasconcelos, An V. Vu, Benjamin Walther, and Arif Wibowo 7.1 Introduction 380 7.2 Global, regional and local patterns 381 7.2.1 Predictors of fish taxonomic diversity at global and regional scales 383 7.2.2 Predictors of fish taxonomic diversity at local scales 385 7.2.3 Predictors of fish functional diversity at global, regional and local scales 389 7.3 Potential impacts of environmental/climate stressors on estuarine fish 392 7.3.1 Salinity and freshwater flow impacts 392 7.3.2 Temperature impacts 396
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