First Aid Manual PDF
Preview First Aid Manual
5TH EDITION FIRST AID M ANUAL 5TH EDITION FIRST AID M ANUAL Medical Editor-in-Chief Gina M. Piazza, DO, FACEP LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI DORLING KINDERSLEY Consultant editor Senior art editor Jemima Dunne Spencer Holbrook Senior editor Jacket designer Janet Mohun Duncan Turner Jacket editor Producer Maud Whatley Vivienne Yong US senior editor Photography Margaret Parrish Gerard Brown, Vanessa Davies, US editor Ruth Jenkinson Jill Hamilton Pre-production producer Jacket design development manager Francesca Wardell Sophia MTT Managing editor Managing art editor Angeles Gavira Guerrero Michelle Baxter Publisher Art director Sarah Larter Philip Ormerod Associate publishing director Publishing director Liz Wheeler Jonathan Metcalf AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS Medical Editor-in-Chief Associate Executive Director, Gina M. Piazza, DO, FACEP Membership and Education Division Robert Heard, MBA, CAE Director, Educational Products Marta Foster Text revised in line with the latest guidelines from the Resuscitation Council (US). Fifth edition first published in the United States in 2014 by DK Publishing, 4th floor, 345 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–192570–September/2014 Text copyright © 2014 St. John Ambulance; St. Andrew’s First Aid; The British Red Cross Society Illustration copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley Limited, except as listed in acknowledgments on p.288. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-1950-7 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected]. Printed and bound in China by Leo Discover more at www.dk.com FOREWORD THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS (ACEP) The goal of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) is to support high-quality emergency care throughout our country. More than 130 million persons come to hospital emergency departments every year, seeking care for everything from mild illnesses and injuries to life- threatening conditions. Emergency care is provided in a continuum that starts with the bystander who first recognizes a problem and begins treatment, through the care rendered by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, to the care provided in GINA M. PIAZZA, DO, FACEP hospital emergency departments nationwide. MEDICAL EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Either directly or indirectly, every citizen is affected by injury or illness at some point. It is important for all of us to be able to recognize emergency medical events and to possess the basic knowledge and skills necessary to summon appropriate help and to provide basic care until that help arrives. The goal of this manual is to instruct you in these basic skills and to provide you with the knowledge you need to make a positive difference in the life of any ill or injured person to whom you give aid. This manual discusses what to do for the common, mild, serious, and life- threatening situations you may face, in a step-by-step-manner, using illustrations and photographs to help you understand the problem at hand. Although it is designed to provide you with a good knowledge base, it is strongly encouraged that you also take a formal first aid course from an organization in your community that provides such training. These organizations include the American Red Cross, the American Heart Association, EMS agencies, and local hospitals. It is also recommended that you refresh your skills on a regular basis. On behalf of ACEP and emergency medicine specialists throughout the United States, it is my pleasure to bring this fifth edition of the ACEP First Aid Manual to you. I hope that you will enjoy learning how to help those in need of emergency care and that you will gain confidence in your knowledge and skills as you proceed through the book. Thanks for joining the emergency care team—you can make a difference! Gina M. Piazza, DO, FACEP Medical Editor-in-Chief CONTENTS 3 ASSESSING A CASUALTY 38 INTRODUCTION 10 Assessing the sick or injured __________________________ 40 1 BECOMING A Mechanisms of injury _____________________________________ 42 FIRST AIDER 12 Primary survey ________________________________________________ 44 What is a first aider? ________________________________________ 14 Secondary survey ____________________________________________ 46 How to prepare yourself ___________________________________ 15 Head-to-toe examination _______________________________ 49 Protection from infection ________________________________ 16 Monitoring vital signs ______________________________________ 52 Dealing with a casualty ____________________________________ 19 Requesting help ________________________________________________ 22 4 THE UNCONSCIOUS The use of medication ______________________________________ 24 CASUALTY 54 Remember your own needs _____________________________ 24 Breathing and circulation ________________________________ 56 Life-saving priorities ________________________________________ 57 Unconscious adult ___________________________________________ 62 Unconscious child ____________________________________________ 72 Unconscious infant _________________________________________ 80 How to use an AED __________________________________________84 2 MANAGING AN INCIDENT 26 Action at an emergency ___________________________________28 Traffic accidents _______________________________________________30 Fires __________________________________________________________________32 Electrical incidents ___________________________________________34 Water incidents ________________________________________________36 5 RESPIRATORY Major incident/Mass casualties ______________________ 37 PROBLEMS 88 The respiratory system ___________________________________ 90 Hypoxia ____________________________________________________________ 92 Airway obstruction __________________________________________ 93 Choking adult __________________________________________________ 94 Choking child ___________________________________________________ 95 Choking infant ________________________________________________ 96 Hanging and strangulation ______________________________ 97 Inhalation of fumes __________________________________________ 98 Foreign object in a wound ______________________________121 Scalp and head wounds __________________________________122 Eye wound _______________________________________________________123 Bleeding from the ear _____________________________________123 Nosebleed _______________________________________________________124 Knocked-out adult tooth _______________________________ 125 Bleeding from the mouth _______________________________125 Finger wound __________________________________________________126 Wound to the palm ________________________________________ 127 Drowning _______________________________________________________100 Wound at a joint crease _________________________________ 127 Hyperventilation ____________________________________________ 101 Abdominal wound ___________________________________________128 Asthma ___________________________________________________________ 102 Vaginal bleeding ______________________________________________128 Croup ______________________________________________________________ 103 Bleeding varicose vein ____________________________________129 Penetrating chest wound ______________________________ 104 7 BONE, JOINT, 6 WOUNDS AND MUSCLE INJURIES 130 AND CIRCULATION 106 The skeleton ___________________________________________________ 132 The heart and blood vessels __________________________ 108 Bones, muscles, and joints ______________________________134 Bleeding and types of wound ________________________ 110 Fractures ________________________________________________________ 136 Shock _______________________________________________________________112 Dislocated joint ______________________________________________ 139 Severe external bleeding ________________________________114 Strains and Sprains ________________________________________140 Internal bleeding _____________________________________________ 116 The nervous system ________________________________________142 Impalement _____________________________________________________ 117 Head injury ______________________________________________________144 Amputation _____________________________________________________ 117 Facial injury _____________________________________________________146 Crush injury _____________________________________________________ 118 Lower jaw injury ______________________________________________147 Cuts and scrapes ______________________________________________ 119 Cheekbone and nose injury ____________________________147 Bruising ___________________________________________________________ 119 Collarbone injury _____________________________________________148 Blisters ___________________________________________________________ 120 Shoulder injury ________________________________________________149 Infected wound ______________________________________________ 120 Upper arm injury _____________________________________________150 Elbow injury ______________________________________________________151 Forearm and wrist injuries ______________________________152 Hand and finger injuries _________________________________153 Rib injury __________________________________________________________154 Fractured pelvis _______________________________________________ 155 Back pain ________________________________________________________ 156 Spinal injury ____________________________________________________157 Hip and thigh injuries ____________________________________ 160 Lower leg injuries ___________________________________________ 162 Knee injury ______________________________________________________ 164 Ankle injury ____________________________________________________ 165 Foreign object in the eye ________________________________196 Foot and toe injuries _______________________________________166 Foreign object in the ear _________________________________197 Cramps ___________________________________________________________ 167 Foreign object in the nose ______________________________197 How poisons affect the body __________________________198 Types of poisons _____________________________________________199 Swallowed poisons _______________________________________ 200 Drug poisoning ______________________________________________ 201 Alcohol poisoning _________________________________________ 202 Animal and human bites _______________________________ 203 Insect sting ____________________________________________________ 204 Tick bite _________________________________________________________ 205 Other bites and stings __________________________________ 205 Snake bite ______________________________________________________ 206 8 EFFECTS OF Stings from sea creatures _____________________________ 207 HEAT AND COLD 168 Marine puncture wound _______________________________ 207 The skin __________________________________________________________ 170 Assessing a burn ____________________________________________ 172 Severe burns and scalds ________________________________ 174 Minor burns and scalds _________________________________ 176 Burns to the airway _________________________________________ 177 Electrical burn _________________________________________________ 178 Chemical burn ________________________________________________ 179 Chemical burn to the eye ______________________________ 180 Flash burn to the eye ______________________________________ 181 Incapacitant spray exposure __________________________ 181 Dehydration ___________________________________________________ 182 Sunburn __________________________________________________________ 183 10 MEDICAL Heat exhaustion _____________________________________________ 184 CONDITIONS 208 Heatstroke ______________________________________________________ 185 Hypothermia __________________________________________________ 186 Angina ____________________________________________________________ 210 Frostbite _________________________________________________________ 189 Heart attack ____________________________________________________ 211 Stroke _____________________________________________________________ 212 Diabetes mellitus ___________________________________________ 214 9 FOREIGN OBJECTS, Hyperglycemia _______________________________________________ 214 POISONING, BITES & STINGS 190 Hypoglycemia ________________________________________________ 215 The sensory organs _________________________________________192 Seizures in adults ___________________________________________ 216 Splinter ____________________________________________________________194 Seizures in children ________________________________________ 218 Embedded fishhook _______________________________________ 195 Fever _______________________________________________________________ 219 Swallowed foreign object ______________________________ 195 Meningitis _____________________________________________________ 220
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