Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures, Third Edition

442 Pages·2013·4.251 MB·English

by  John A. Purkiss, Long-Yuan Li

Fire Engineering P
Fire Safety
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This new edition of Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures provides the r
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knowledge needed to analyse and design a structure which will withstand the effects
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of fire. Engineering Design
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The book covers everything from design concerns and philosophies, regulatory
control, the behaviour characteristics of natural fires through to the properties of
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different materials at elevated temperatures.
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Focusing on the fire sections of the Structural Eurocodes, the book provides detailed r
design advice on each of the main structural elements such as concrete, steel, composite e e
steel-concrete, timber, masonry, aluminium, plastics and glass.
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Third Edition
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• In-depth coverage of the science and knowledge needed to understand g
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the behaviour of a structure at elevated temperatures n
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• Design methods based on the fire sections of the Structural Eurocodes e
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• Worked calculations and examples clearly illustrating the effect of t
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temperature rise and structural performance of structural elements y

• Essential reading for structural engineers, building designers, architects, S
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fire engineers and building control officers
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John A. Purkiss is a chartered structural and civil engineer and consultant. He u
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previously lectured in structural engineering at Aston University. His main areas of c n
research were the behaviour of concrete, concrete composite materials and concrete
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structures at elevated temperatures, the experimental determination of the effects of u
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spalling and its modelling using coupled heat and mass transfer, and the determination
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of the characteristics of fire damaged concrete structures. He was a member of the r
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Institution of Structural Engineers’ Task Force on Fire Safety. i
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Long-yuan Li is a Professor of Structural Engineering in the School of Marine Science

and Engineering at the University of Plymouth. His research interests cover the fields
of structures, materials, and experimental and computational mechanics. He is a
Fellow of the Institution of Structural Engineers and a member of The International
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Society for Interaction of Mechanics and Mathematics (ISIMM). dT
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Fire Safety
Engineering Design
of Structures
Third Edition

Fire Safety
Engineering Design
of Structures
Third Edition
John A. Purkiss and Long-yuan Li
A SPON PRESS BOOK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20130923
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Code BSI reference Book reference
EN 1991-1-2 Table E5 Table 4.4
Table F2 Table 4.7
EN 1992-1-2 Table 3.1 Table 5.8
Figure B.2 Figure 7.1
EN 1993-1-2 Figure 3.1 Figure 5.35, Table 5.3
Table 3.1 Table 5.6
EN 1994-1-2 Table 3.3 Table 5.8
Figure D.1 Figure 9.1
Figure D.2 Figure 9.3
Figure D.3a and b Figure 9.4
Table D.5 Table 9.2
Table D.6 Table 9.1
EN 1995-1-2 Table 3.1 Table 10.1
Table E.2 Table 10.3
BS 5950 Part 8 Figure C.1 Figure 8.8
Figure C.2 Figure 8.8
Table C.1 Table 8.4
PD 7974-3 Table 4 Table 4.7
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v

Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
List of Acronyms xxi
Notation xxiii
1 Fire safety engineering 1
1.1 Design concerns 2
1.1.1 Control of ignition 2
1.1.1.1 Control of flammability 3
1.1.1.2 Control of fire growth 3
1.1.1.3 Fire safety management 4
1.1.2 Means of escape 4
1.1.3 Fire detection and control 6
1.1.3.1 Fire detection 6
1.1.3.2 Smoke control 7
1.1.3.3 Fire-fighting systems 7
1.1.4 Compartmentation 9
1.1.5 Fire spread between structures 9
1.1.6 Structure collapse 9
1.2 Regulatory control 10
1.3 Fire precautions during construction and maintenance 11
1.4 Summary 11
1.4.1 Active measures 12
1.4.2 Passive measures 12
2 Design philosophies 13
2.1 Ambient limit state design 13
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii
viii Contents
2.2 Fire limit states 15
2.2.1 Load-bearing capacity criterion 16
2.2.2 Insulation criterion 16
2.2.3 Determination of partial safety factors 17
2.3 Assessment models 18
2.3.1 Assessment method: level 1 19
2.3.2 Assessment method: level 2 20
2.3.3 Assessment method: level 3 20
2.3.4 Practical considerations 20
2.4 Applicability of assessment levels 21
2.5 Interaction between active and passive measures 22
3 Prescriptive approach 25
3.1 Standard fire test 25
3.2 Drawbacks of fire test 31
3.2.1 Expense 31
3.2.2 Specimen limitations 31
3.2.3 Effects of restraint and continuity 31
3.2.4 Confidentiality of results 32
3.2.5 Loading 32
3.2.6 Failure modes 34
3.2.7 Reproducibility 34
3.3 Prescriptive determination of fire resistance 36
3.3.1 Concrete 37
3.3.2 Structural steelwork 39
3.3.3 Masonry 39
3.3.4 Timber 40
4 Behaviour of natural fires 41
4.1 Development of compartment fires 41
4.1.1 Pre-flashover period 41
4.1.2 Post-flashover period 42
4.1.3 Decay phase 43
4.2 Factors affecting growth phase 43
4.3 Calculation of compartment temperature–time responses 45
4.3.1 Basic formulation 45
.
4.3.1.1 Rate of heat release (hC) 46
4.3.1.2 Rate of heat loss by radiation
.
through openings (h ) 46
R .
4.3.1.3 Rate of heat loss from convection (hL) 46
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
4.3.1.4 Rate of heat loss through
.
compartment walls (h ) 46
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4.3.1.5 Compartment temperature–
time characteristics 47
4.3.2 Modifications for allowing other
compartment configurations 47
4.3.2.1 Vertical openings 47
4.3.2.2 Horizontal openings 47
4.3.2.3 Compartment construction 50
4.3.3 Calculation of fire load 50
4.3.3.1 Full calculation 50
4.3.3.2 Generic data 51
4.3.4 Parametric equation approach 51
4.3.4.1 Formulation of Lie (1974) 52
4.3.4.2 EN 1991-1-2 approach 53
4.4 Estimation of fire characteristics 55
4.5 Fire severity and time equivalence 58
4.5.1 Fire severity 58
4.5.2 Time equivalence 59
4.5.2.1 Temperature base 59
4.5.2.2 Normalized heat load base 63
4.6 Localized fires 71
4.6.1 Plume fires 71
4.6.2 5 MW design fire 72
4.7 Zone modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 72
4.7.1 Zone modelling 72
4.7.2 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 72
5 Properties of materials at elevated temperatures 75
5.1 Thermal data 75
5.1.1 Steel 76
5.1.1.1 Density 76
5.1.1.2 Specific heat 76
5.1.1.3 Thermal conductivity 77
5.1.1.4 Thermal diffusivity 78
5.1.2 Concrete 78
5.1.2.1 Density 79
5.1.2.2 Specific heat 79
5.1.2.3 Thermal conductivity 81
5.1.2.4 Thermal diffusivity 82
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC