Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing PDF
Preview Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing
Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing Stamatis Vassiliadis Editor Technical UniversityDelft, TheNetherlands Dimitrios Soudris Editor DemocritusUniversityofThrace, Greece Foreword by Yale Patt, Jim Smith and Mateo Valero Editor DimitriosSoudris DemocritusUniversityofThrace, Greece LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007936371 ISBN:978-1-4020-6504-0 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-6505-7 Printedonacid-freepaper. (cid:2)c 2007 Springer Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com To Stamatiswho commenced theLastJourneysoearly Kαλo´ Tαξ´ιδι(cid:3)α´σκαλε Foreword Stamatis Vassiliadis was born in the small village of Manolates, on the Mediter- raneanislandofSamos,GreeceonJuly19th,1951.He passedawayonApril7th, 2007 in Pijnacker, in the Netherlands. In between, he led a very remarkable life. As a child,he walked manykilometersthroughthe mountainsto reachhis school and wouldstudy at nightusing the lightof an oillamp;as a grownup he became one of the recognizedscientific world leaders in computer architecture. For those of you who have chosen to read this book and are not familiar with the scientific achievementsofStamatisVassiliadis,wehaveprovidedthisveryshortsnapshot. StamatisVassiliadisdidhisdoctoralstudyatPolitechnicodiMilano.Asaresult, Italyhasalwayshada veryspecialplaceinhisheart.Itwastherehelearneda lot aboutscience,butalsoaboutgoodfood,friendshipsandmanyotheraspectsoflife. AftergraduationStamatismovedtotheUSAandworkedforIBMattheAdvanced WorkstationsandSystemslaboratoryinAustin,Texas,theMid-HudsonValleylab- oratoryinPoughkeepsie,NewYork,andtheGlendalelaboratoryinEndicott,New York.AtIBMhewasinvolvedinanumberofprojectsincomputerdesign,computer organization,andcomputerarchitecture.Heheldleadershippositionsin manyad- vancedresearchprojects.DuringhistimeatIBM,hewasawarded73USApatents, rankinghimasthetopalltimeIBMinventor.Forhisaccomplishments,hereceived numerous awards including 24 Publication Awards, 15 Invention Achievement AwardsandanOutstandingInnovationAwardforEngineering/ScientificHardware Designin1989.WhileworkingforIBMStamatisalsoservedontheECEfaculties of CornellUniversity,Ithaca, NY and the State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton,NY. In1995,hereturnedtoEuropeastheChairedProfessorspecializingincomputer architectureatTUDelftintheNetherlands.HedevelopedtheComputerEngineer- ing laboratory there, which is today one of the strongest groups in the field with more than 50 PhD students from many differentcountries. Stamatis was an IEEE Fellow, an ACM Fellow, and a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of science (KNAW). Itis impossibleto describeallofStamatis’ scientific contributionsinthis short introduction.Hisworkhasinspiredmanyscientistsandcontinuestobethebasisfor manypatentsandindustrialproducts.For example,atIBM decadesago,he wasa pioneerinmicro-operationfusing,atechniquethatisonlyrecentlyseeingthelight ofdayinproductsofbothIntelandAMD.Hecalledthisconcept“compounding.” vii viii Foreword It was the main idea behind the IBM SCISM project. Unfortunately, it was too many years ahead of its time and was never completed. More recently, in Delft, Stamatis was amongthe first to recognizethe potentialof reconfigurablecomput- ing and proposed the MOLEN reconfigurable microcoded architecture (described in this book in many details), and the programming paradigm that would allow rapiddevelopmentofcomputingsystems,rangingfromtinyembeddedsystemsto supercomputers. This contribution is being used today in many European Union fundedprojects.Itisalsoundergoingtodaybroadindustrialevaluationbyrelevant companies. Stamatis Vassiliadis was very proud of Samos, the island of his birth, a small pieceofGreeklandthatproducedmanygreatscientistsduringitslonghistory.He lovedSamosverydeeplyandreturnedthereeverysummer.Inaddition,hecrafted theSAMOSInternationalSymposiumasanopportunityforstudentsandcolleagues to enjoy intensive technical interchange, while sampling fully the vibrancy of his beloved Mediterranean Sea. This year, 2007, marks the seventh SAMOS confer- ence.Allwhohaveattendedatleastoneofthemwillalwaysrememberitasagreat experience,sodifferentfromanyotherscientificevent. Stamatiswasaveryindustriousandcleverperson;helovedhisjobandtheoppor- tunitiesitprovided.Thedevotiontohisworkwasaconstantfactorthatcharacterized allofhislife.Evenafterbeingveryillinbed,hecontinuedhisworkinhisComputer Engineeringlaboratoryand was making plans for the SAMOS 2007 International Symposium.Hehatedmediocrity,heneverunderstoodpeoplewhodidnotdotheir jobinthebestpossibleway. Atthesametime,hewasnotonlyaboutwork.Helikedtocombinebusinessand pleasure,andhecertainlyachievedit,passionateaboutworkandpassionateabout life.Hewantedeveryonehecameincontactwithtogivehisbesttohisjob,butalso notlosesightabouthavingfun.Helikedpeopleandpeoplelikedhim.Sometimes hewouldswitchfromakindof“nfantterrible”attitudetothemostserious,collab- orator in a split second. This was his particular way of dealing with long, tedious administrativeissues.Stamatiswasformanyofusthe“HappyWarrior”inourfield. Hewasaveryoptimistic,positivepersonwhoshowedgreatcourageuntiltheend. Wewillalwaysrememberhimasamostvaluedcolleagueandfriend. YalePatt,ProfessorattheUniversityofAustin,inTexas JimSmith,ProfessorattheUniversityofWisconsin,inMadison MateoValero,ProfessorattheTechnicalUniversityofCatalonia,inBarcelona Introduction Duetotheprogrammabilityfeatures,reconfigurabletechnologyoffersdesignflex- ibilitywhichissupportedbyquitematurecommercialdesignflows.Theepochof reconfigurablecomputingstartedwiththetraditionalFPGAs.Moreover,FPGAar- chitecture characteristics and capabilities changed and improved significantly the lasttwodecades,fromasimplehomogeneousarchitecturewithlogicmodulesand horizontalandverticalinterconnectionstoFPGAplatforms(e.g.Virtex-4logicfam- ily),whichincludeexceptlogicandrouting,microprocessors,blockRAMsetc.In other words, the FPGA architecture changed gradually from a homogeneous and regular architecture to a heterogeneous (or piece-wise homogeneous) and piece- wise regulararchitecture.The platform-baseddesign allows to designerto build a customizedFPGAarchitecture,usingspecificblocks,dependingontheapplication domain requirements. The platform-based strategy changed the FPGAs role from a“general-purpose”machinetoan“application-domain”machine,closingthegap withASICsolutions.Furthermore,theneedforadditionalperformancethroughthe acceleration of computationally-intensiveparts from complex applications can be satisfied by the coarse-gain reconfigurablearchitectures. In coarse grain reconfig- urable hardware some flexibility is traded-off for a potentially higher degree of optimisationintermsofareaandpowerandtheabilitytoreconfiguretheplatform atarate,whichissignificantlyfasterthanthechangesofmodeobservedbyauser oftheapplication(notpossibleinmostconventionalFPGAs). Thebookconsistsoftwo partseachofwhichhasdifferentgoalsandaudience. Inparticular,thefirstpartincludestwocontributions,whichprovideaverydetailed surveyofexistingfine(orFPGA)-andcoarse-grainreconfigurablearchitecturesand software-supportdesignflowsbothfromacademiaandindustry.Bothchapterscan beconsideredastutorial-likechapters.Thesecondpartincludesfivecontributions with specific researchresults fromAMDREL project(FPGA architecture),MOR- PHOSYS,MOLEN,ADRESandDRESCprojects(coarse-grainarchitectures).The last chapter provides a taxonomy of field-programmable custom computing ma- chineswithemphasisonmicrocodeformalism. This book is accompanied by a CD, which includes additional material useful fortheinterestedreadertogofurtherinthedesignofFPGAandcoarse-gainarchi- tectures.Inparticular,theCDcontains,amongothers,public-domainsoftwaretools andanumberofassignmentsabout:(i)theMEANDERdesignframeworkforFPGA ix x Introduction architectures(http://vlsi.ee.duth.gr/amdrel)and(ii)theMOLENreconfigurablepro- cessor and programmingparadigm(http://ce.et.tudelft.nl/MOLEN).Moreover,the first two chapters about FPGA and coarse-grain reconfigurable architectures and the solved/unsolved assignments will assist both the instructor to organize some lectures and assignments of semester course aboutreconfigurablecomputing,and thestudenttogetdeeperinmanyconceptsofFPGAandcourse-grainarchitectures. Forinstance,astudentcandesignanFPGAarchitecturewithhis/herownspecifica- tions,employingelementarymodules(e.g.flip-flops,LUT),whichisnotavailable fromthecommercialtools. Theauthorsofthebookchapterstogetherwiththeeditorswouldliketousethis opportunitytothankmanypeople,i.e.colleagues,M.Sc.andPh.D.students,whose dedicationandindustryduringtheprojectsexecutionledtotheintroductionofnovel scientificresultsandimplementationofinnovativereconfigurablesystems. DimitriosSoudriswouldliketothankhisparentsforbeingaconstantsourceof moral support and for firmly imbibing into him from a very young age that per- severantiaomniavincit – it is this perseverancethatkepthim going.Thisbookis dedicatedtothem. We finally hope that the reader (instructor, engineer, student, etc) will find the bookusefulandconstructiveandenjoyable,andthatthetechnicalmaterialpresented willcontributetothecontinuedprogressinthereconfigurablearchitecturesfield. Delft,January2007 StamatisVassiliadisandDimitriosSoudris Contents PartI 1 ASurveyofExistingFine-GrainReconfigurableArchitecturesand CADtools K.Tatas,K.Siozios,andD.Soudris .............................. 3 2 ASurveyofCoarse-GrainReconfigurableArchitecturesandCAD Tools G.Theodoridis,D.Soudris,andS.Vassiliadis....................... 89 PartII CaseStudies 3 Amdrel D. Soudris,K. Tatas, K. Siozios,G. Koutroumpezis,S. Nikolaidis, S.Siskos,N.Vasiliadis,V.Kalenteridis,H.Pournara,andI.Pappas ..... 153 4 A Coarse-Grain Dynamically Reconfigurable System and CompilationFramework M. Sanchez-Elez, M. Fernandez, N. Bagherzadeh, R. Hermida, F.Kurdahi,andR.Maestre...................................... 181 5 PolymorphicInstructionSetComputers G.KuzmanovandS.Vassiliadis ................................. 217 6 ADRES&DRESC:ArchitectureandCompilerforCoarse-Grain ReconfigurableProcessors B.Mei,M.Berekovic,andJ-Y.Mignolet .......................... 255 7 ATaxonomyofField-ProgrammableCustomComputingMachines M.Sima,S.Vassiliadis,andS.Cotofana........................... 299 Index ........................................................... 379 Contributors NaderBagherzadeh Aristotle University Dpt.ElectricalEngineering ofThessaloniki,54006 andComputerScience Thessaloniki,Greece oftheUniversity Email:[email protected] ofCaliforniaIrvine(USA) GeorgeKoutroumpezis Email:[email protected] VLSIDesignandTestingCenter, DepartmentofElectrical MladenBerekovic andComputerEngineering, IMEC vzw, Kapeldreef 75, DemocritusUniversityofThrace, 3001Leuven,BELGIUM, 67100,Xanthi,Greece, Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] SorinCotofana FadiKurdahi Delft University of Technology, Dpt.ElectricalEngineering ComputerEngineeringDepartment, andComputerScience Postbus5031,2600GADelft, oftheUniversity TheNetherlands, ofCaliforniaIrvine(USA) Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] GeorgiKuzmanov MilagrosFernandez Delft University of Technology, Dpto.ArquitecturadeComputadoresy ComputerEngineeringDepartment, Automatica of the Universida Postbus 5031, 2600 GA Delft, ComplutensedeMadrid(SPAIN) TheNetherlands Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] RafaelMaestre RomanHermida Qualcomm Dpto.ArquitecturadeComputadoresy SanDiego,California,92130 Automatica of the Universida UnitedStates ComplutensedeMadrid(SPAIN) Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] BennetMei VassiliosKalenteridis IMECvzw,Kapeldreef75, Electronics and Computers Div., 3001Leuven,BELGIUM, DepartmentofPhysics, Email:[email protected] xiii
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