Final import risk analysis report for fresh apple fruit

370 Pages·2010·2.85 MB·English

Final import risk analysis report for
fresh apple fruit from the People’s
Republic of China
June 2010
© Commonwealth of Australia 2010
This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in
unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use
within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all
other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to
Communications Manager, Biosecurity Services Group, or e-mailed to
[email protected].
Cite this report as:
Biosecurity Australia (2010) Final import risk analysis report for fresh apple fruit from the
People’s Republic of China. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra.
The Australian Government, acting through Biosecurity Australia, has exercised due care and
skill in the preparation and compilation of the information in this publication.
Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability,
including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by
any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this
publication to the maximum extent permitted by law.
Postal address:
Biosecurity Australia
GPO Box 858
CANBERRA ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au
Cover image:
Apple fruit from a packing house in Shandong province in the People’s Republic of China.
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Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Contents
Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations.................................................................................. 9
Abbreviations of units............................................................................................ 10
Summary................................................................................................................. 11
1. Introduction.................................................................................................. 13
1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework.........................................................................13
1.2 This import risk analysis................................................................................................13
2. Method for pest risk analysis...................................................................... 17
2.1 Stage 1: Initiation..........................................................................................................17
2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment......................................................................................18
2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management.....................................................................................25
3. China’s commercial production practices for apples............................... 27
3.1 Assumptions used to estimate unrestricted risk.............................................................27
3.2 Climate in production areas...........................................................................................27
3.3 Commercial production and export information..............................................................28
4. Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests............................................. 39
4.1 Hawthorn spider mite -Amphitetranychus viennensis....................................................42
4.2 Flat scarlet mite -Cenopalpus pulcher...........................................................................47
4.3 Apricot weevil- Rhynchitesauratus...............................................................................52
4.4 Japanese pear weevil - Rhynchitesheros......................................................................57
4.5 Oriental fruit fly -Bactrocera dorsalis.............................................................................63
4.6 Oystershell scale- Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis...............................................................66
4.7 Pear white scale -Lopholeucaspis japonica...................................................................69
4.8 Olive scale -Parlartoria oleae........................................................................................74
4.9 Yanyuan scale -Parlartoria yanyuanensis.....................................................................79
4.10 Mealybugs -Phenacoccus aceris and Pseudococcus comstocki....................................84
4.11 Citrophilus mealybug -Pseudococcus calceolariae........................................................89
4.12 Summer fruit tortrix moth -Adoxophyes orana...............................................................92
4.13 Apple fruit moth -Argyresthia assimilis..........................................................................98
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Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Contents
4.14 Peach fruit moth -Carposina sasakii...........................................................................102
4.15 Codling moth -Cydia pomonella..................................................................................108
4.16 Pyralid moth -Euzophera pyriella................................................................................111
4.17 Manchurian fruit moth -Grapholita inopinata...............................................................116
4.18 Oriental fruit moth- Grapholita molesta.......................................................................121
4.19 White fruit moth -Spilonota albicana...........................................................................124
4.20 Bull’s eye rot -Cryptosporiopsis curvispora.................................................................129
4.21 Marssonina blotch–Diplocarpon mali.........................................................................134
4.22 Japanese apple rust -Gymnosporangium yamadae....................................................139
4.23 Apple brown rot -Monilinia fructigena..........................................................................144
4.24 Mucor rot –Mucor mucedo and Mucor racemosus......................................................150
4.25 European canker -Neonectria ditissima......................................................................157
4.26 Apple blotch -Phyllosticta arbutifolia...........................................................................159
4.27 Sooty blotch and flyspeck complex..............................................................................165
4.28 Truncate leaf spot -Truncatella hartigii........................................................................171
4.29 Apple scar skin and apple dapple –Apple scar skin viroid...........................................176
4.30 Tobacco necrosis viruses............................................................................................182
4.31 Risk assessment conclusion........................................................................................189
5. Pest risk management............................................................................... 193
5.1 Pest risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures..................................193
5.2 Risk management measures for quarantine pests for the whole of Australia................194
5.3 Risk management measures for quarantine pests for Western Australia only...............206
5.4 Operational systems for maintenance and verification of phytosanitary status..............209
5.5 Uncategorised and other pests....................................................................................213
5.6 Audit of protocol..........................................................................................................213
5.7 Review of policy..........................................................................................................213
Appendix A. Initiation and pest categorisation............................................... 217
Appendix A1: Organisms associated with production of apples in China, their status in
Australia and their association with fresh apple fruit ....................................................217
Appendix A2: Potential for establishment and spread, and consequences...........................271
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Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Contents
Appendix B. Additional data for quarantine pests......................................... 291
Appendix C. Australia’s biosecurity policy framework.................................. 311
Appendix D. Status of fire blight in China....................................................... 317
Glossary................................................................................................................ 321
Reference list........................................................................................................ 323
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Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Map of Australia
Map of Australia
TTrrooppiicc ooff CCaapprriiccoorrnn
A guide to Australia’s bio-climate zones
7

Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Acronyms and abbreviatons
Acronyms and abbreviations
Term or abbreviation Definition
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ALOP appropriate level of protection
APAL Apple & Pear Australia Limited
APPD Australian Plant Pest Database
APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
AQSIQ General Administration for Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
of the People’s Republic of China (formerly CIQSA)
BAA Biosecurity Australia Advice
BAPM Biosecurity Australia Policy Memorandum
BSG Biosecurity Services Group
CIQ China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
CIQSA State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine of the
People’s Republic of China (now AQSIQ)
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
CT concentration time
DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (formerly DAWA:
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia)
EP existing policy
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FSANZ Food Standards Australia and New Zealand
IDM Integrated Disease Management
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IPPC International Plant Protection Convention
IRA import risk analysis
ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures
NPPO National Plant Protection Organisation
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
NZ New Zealand
PRA pest risk analysis
Qld Queensland
SA South Australia
SPS sanitary and phytosanitary
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Final IRA report: fresh apple fruit from China Acronyms and abbreviatons
Tas. Tasmania
USA United States of America
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
Vic. Victoria
WA Western Australia
Abbreviations of units
Term or abbreviation Definition
ºC degree Celsius
ºF degree Fahrenheit
kg kilogram
ha hectare
km kilometre
kPa kilopascal
m metre
MT metric tons
mu unit of area used in China (one fifteenth of a hectare)
μm micrometre (one millionth of a metre)
ml millilitre
mm millimetre
ppm parts per million
s second
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