Field guide to diffractive optics

131 Pages·2011·19.601 MB·English

by  Soskind, Yakov

Field Guide to
Diffractive
Optics
Yakov G. Soskind
SPIE Field Guides
Volume FG21
John E. Greivenkamp, Series Editor
Bellingham, Washington USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Soskind, Yakov.
Field guide to diffractive optics / Yakov Soskind.
p. cm. -- (The field guide series ; 21)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8194-8690-5
1. Diffraction. 2. Optics. I. Title.
QC415.S67 2011
535'.42--dc23
2011018209

Published by

SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Web: http://spie.org

Copyright © 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means without written permission
of the publisher.

The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author.
Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate
information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the
validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from
reliance thereon. For the latest updates about this title, please visit
the book’s page on our website.

Printed in the United States of America.
First printing

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IntroductiontotheSeries
Welcome to the SPIE Field Guides—a series of publications
written directly for the practicing engineer or scientist.
Many textbooks and professional reference books cover
optical principles and techniques in depth. The aim of
the SPIE Field Guides is to distill this information,
providing readers with a handy desk or briefcase reference
that provides basic, essential information about optical
principles,techniques,orphenomena,includingdefinitionsand
descriptions,keyequations,illustrations,applicationexamples,
design considerations, and additional resources. A significant
effort will be made to provide a consistent notation and style
betweenvolumesintheseries.
Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of optical
science and technology. The concept of these Field Guides is a
format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations
supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this
modularapproachplacesasingletopiconapage,andprovides
full coverage of that topic on that page. Highlights, insights,
and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main
text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide
additional information such as related material outside the
main scope of the volume, key mathematical relationships,
andalternativemethods.Whilecompleteintheircoverage,the
concise presentation may not be appropriate for those new to
thefield.
The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents.
The modular page-based presentation format allows them
to be easily updated and expanded. We are interested in
your suggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what
material should be added to an individual volume to make
these Field Guides more useful to you. Please contact us at
fi[e-mail].
JohnE.Greivenkamp,SeriesEditor
OpticalSciencesCenter
TheUniversityofArizona
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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TheFieldGuideSeries
Keepinformationatyourfingertipswithallofthetitlesinthe
FieldGuideSeries:
FieldGuideto
AdaptiveOptics,Tyson&Frazier
AtmosphericOptics,Andrews
BinocularsandScopes,Yoder,Jr.&Vukobratovich
DiffractiveOptics,Soskind
GeometricalOptics,Greivenkamp
Illumination,Arecchi,Messadi,&Koshel
InfraredSystems,Detectors,andFPAs,SecondEdition,
Daniels
InterferometricOpticalTesting,Goodwin&Wyant
LaserFiberTechnology,Paschotta
LaserPulseGeneration,Paschotta
Lasers,Paschotta
Microscopy,Tkaczyk
OpticalFabrication,Williamson
OpticalLithography,Mack
OpticalThinFilms,Willey
Polarization,Collett
SpecialFunctionsforEngineers,Andrews
Spectroscopy,Ball
VisualandOphthalmicOptics,Schwiegerling
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
Recent advancements in microfabrication technologies as well
as the development of powerful simulation tools have led to a
significant expansion of diffractive optics and the commercial
availability of cost-effective diffractive optical components.
Instrument developers can choose from a broad range of
diffractive optical elements to complement refractive and
reflective components in achieving a desired control of the
opticalfield.
Material required for understanding the diffractive phe-
nomenon is widely dispersed throughout numerous literature
sources.ThisFieldGuideoffersscientistsandengineersacom-
prehensive reference in the field of diffractive optics. College
students and photonics enthusiasts will broaden their knowl-
edgeandunderstandingofdiffractiveopticsphenomena.
TheprimaryobjectivesofthisFieldGuidearetofamiliarizethe
readerwithoperationalprinciplesandestablishedterminology
in the field of diffractive optics, as well as to provide a
comprehensive overview of the main types of diffractive
optics components. An emphasis is placed on the qualitative
explanation of the diffraction phenomenon by the use of field
distributionsandgraphs,providingthebasisforunderstanding
thefundamentalrelationsandtheimportanttrends.
I would like to thank SPIE Press Manager Timothy Lamkins
and Series Editor John Greivenkamp for the opportunity to
write a Field Guide for one of the most fundamental physical
optics phenomena, as well as SPIE Press Senior Editor Dara
Burrowsforherhelp.
My endless gratitude goes to my family: to my wife Eleanora,
whohadtobearadditionaldutiesduringmyworkonthisbook,
as well as to my children, Rose and Michael, who learned the
materialwhilehelpingwithproofreadingthemanuscript.
YakovG.Soskind
August2011
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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vii
TableofContents
GlossaryofSymbols xi
DiffractionFundamentals 1
TheDiffractionPhenomenon 1
ScalarDiffraction 2
ParaxialApproximation 3
FresnelDiffraction 4
FresnelDiffraction 4
ApertureswithIntegerNumberofFresnelZones 5
FresnelZonePlates 6
FresnelZonePlateProperties 7
FresnelPhasePlates 8
ComparingFresnelPlatesandIdealLenses 9
EfficiencyofFresnelPlatesandIdealLenses 10
TalbotEffect 11
FractionalTalbotDistributions 12
FraunhoferDiffraction 13
FraunhoferDiffraction 13
DiffractionofWaveswithFiniteSizes 14
DiffractiononRing-ShapedApertures 15
EnergyRedistributionwithinDiffractionRings 16
DiffractiononNoncircularApertures 17
RectangularandDiamond-ShapedApertures 18
ApodizedApertures 19
ApodizedApertures 19
ApodizedApertureswithCentralObscuration 20
FieldObstructionbyanOpaqueSemiplane 21
ApodizationwithSerratedEdges 22
SerratedAperturesasApodizers 23
DiffractionbyMultipleApertures 24
DiffractionbyMultipleApertures 24
EffectsofApertureSpacing 25
ApertureFillFactor 26
AperiodicallySpacedApertures 27
ResolutionLimitinOpticalInstruments 28
ResolutionLimitinOpticalInstruments 28
SuperresolutionPhenomenon 29
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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viii
TableofContents
SuperresolutionwithTwo-ZonePhaseMasks 30
PointSpreadFunctionEngineering 31
AdjustingDiffraction-RingIntensity 32
AmplitudeandPhaseFilterComparison 33
VortexPhaseMasks 34
CombiningAmplitudeandVortexPhaseMasks 35
DiffractiveComponents 36
DiffractionGratings 36
VolumeBraggGratings 37
PolarizationDependencyofVolumeBraggGratings 38
One-DimensionalSurface-ReliefGratings 39
GRISMElements 40
Two-DimensionalDiffractiveStructures 41
HolographicDiffusers 42
MultispotBeamGenerators 43
DesignofFan-OutElements 44
DiffractiveBeam-ShapingComponents 45
DigitalDiffractiveOptics 46
Three-DimensionalDiffractiveStructures 47
GratingProperties 48
GratingEquation 48
GratingProperties 49
FreeSpectralRangeandResolution 50
GratingAnomalies 51
PolarizationDependencyofGratingAnomalies 52
GratingsasAngularSwitches 53
GratingsasOpticalFilters 54
GratingsasPolarizingComponents 55
BlazingCondition 56
BlazingCondition 56
BlazedAngleCalculation 57
OptimumBlazedProfileHeight 58
ScalarDiffractionTheoryofaGrating 60
ScalarDiffractionTheoryofaGrating 60
DiffractionEfficiency 61
BlazeProfileApproximation 62
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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ix
TableofContents
ExtendedScalarDiffractionTheory 63
ExtendedScalarDiffractionTheory 63
DutyCycleandGhostOrders 64
ExtendedScalarversusRigorousAnalysis 65
GratingswithSubwavelengthStructures 66
GratingswithSubwavelengthStructures 66
BlazedBinaryGratings 67
RelativeFeatureSizeintheResonantDomain 68
EffectiveMediumTheory 69
ScalarDiffractionLimitationsandRigorousTheory 70
RigorousAnalysisofTransmissionGratings 71
AnalysisofBlazedTransmissionGratings 71
PolarizationDependencyandPeakEfficiencies 72
PeakEfficiencyofBlazedProfiles 73
WavelengthDependencyofEfficiency 74
EfficiencyChangeswithIncidentAngle 75
DiffractionEfficiencyforSmallFeatureSizes 76
PolychromaticDiffractionEfficiency 77
PolychromaticDiffractionEfficiency 77
MonolithicGratingDoublet 78
SpacedGratingDoublet 79
MonolithicGratingDoubletwithTwoProfiles 80
DiffractiveandRefractiveDoublets:Comparison 81
EfficiencyofSpacedGratingDoublets 82
EfficiencyofSpacedGratingDoublets 82
SensitivitytoFabricationErrors 83
FacetWidthandPolarizationDependency 84
SensitivitytoAxialComponentsSpacing 85
FrequencyCombFormation 86
DiffractiveComponentswithAxialSymmetry 87
DiffractiveComponentswithAxialSymmetry 87
DiffractiveLensSurfaces 88
DiffractiveKinoforms 89
BinaryDiffractiveLenses 90
OpticalPowerofaDiffractiveLensSurface 91
DiffractiveSurfacesasPhaseElements 92
SteppedDiffractiveSurfaces 93
PropertiesofSteppedDiffractiveSurfaces 94
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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x
TableofContents
Multi-orderDiffractiveLenses 95
DiffractiveLensDoublets 96
DiffractiveSurfacesinOpticalSystems 97
DiffractiveLensSurfacesinOpticalSystems 97
AchromaticHybridStructures 98
Opto-thermalPropertiesofOpticalComponents 99
AthermalizationwithDiffractiveComponents 100
AthermalizationwithSDSs 101
Appendix:DiffractiveRaytrace 102
EquationSummary 105
Bibliography 111
Index 114
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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xi
GlossaryofSymbolsandAcronyms
ASMA aperiodicallyspacedmultipleapertures
B baselengthofaPRISM
C incidentwaveobliquityfactor
R
C diffractedwaveobliquityfactor
S
CGH computer-generatedhologram
d diameterofcentralobscuration
d Braggplanespacing
B
d gratingperiodorgroovespacing
g
d stepwidthofithzone
i
D aperturediameterorlateralsize
D Airydiskdiameter
A
D materialdispersion
n
D lensclearaperturediameter
0
DC dutycycle
DDO digitaldiffractiveoptics
DLS diffractivelenssurface
e apertureobscuration
E(ρ,ϕ) complexelectricfieldinpolarcoordinates
E⊥ electricfieldnormaltothegratinggrooves
E∥ electricfieldparalleltothegratinggrooves
f focallengthofalens
fD nominalfocallengthofadiffractivesurface
0
FDTD finitedifferencetimedomain
FWHM fullwidthathalfmaximum
FPP Fresnelphaseplate
FZP Fresnelzoneplate
h gratingprofiledepthorheight
h stepheightofithzone
i
h profileheightofamulti-orderdiffractivelens
m
h optimumgratingprofiledepth(height)
opt
h stepheightofSDS
SDS
HOE holographicopticalelement
→
i unitvectorcodirectionalwithxaxis
I(r) radialintensitydistribution
IR infrared
→
j unitvectorcodirectionalwithyaxis
J (ρ) Besselfunctionofthefirstkindofthezeroorder
0
J (ρ) Besselfunctionofthefirstkindofthefirstorder
1
FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics
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