Field guide to diffractive optics PDF
Preview Field guide to diffractive optics
Field Guide to Diffractive Optics Yakov G. Soskind SPIE Field Guides Volume FG21 John E. Greivenkamp, Series Editor Bellingham, Washington USA Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soskind, Yakov. Field guide to diffractive optics / Yakov Soskind. p. cm. -- (The field guide series ; 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8194-8690-5 1. Diffraction. 2. Optics. I. Title. QC415.S67 2011 535'.42--dc23 2011018209 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Phone: +1.360. 676.3290 Fax: +1.360.647.1445 Email: [email protected] Web: http://spie.org Copyright © 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author. Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. For the latest updates about this title, please visit the book’s page on our website. Printed in the United States of America. First printing Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms IntroductiontotheSeries Welcome to the SPIE Field Guides—a series of publications written directly for the practicing engineer or scientist. Many textbooks and professional reference books cover optical principles and techniques in depth. The aim of the SPIE Field Guides is to distill this information, providing readers with a handy desk or briefcase reference that provides basic, essential information about optical principles,techniques,orphenomena,includingdefinitionsand descriptions,keyequations,illustrations,applicationexamples, design considerations, and additional resources. A significant effort will be made to provide a consistent notation and style betweenvolumesintheseries. Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of optical science and technology. The concept of these Field Guides is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this modularapproachplacesasingletopiconapage,andprovides full coverage of that topic on that page. Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additional information such as related material outside the main scope of the volume, key mathematical relationships, andalternativemethods.Whilecompleteintheircoverage,the concise presentation may not be appropriate for those new to thefield. The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents. The modular page-based presentation format allows them to be easily updated and expanded. We are interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what material should be added to an individual volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you. Please contact us at fi[email protected]. JohnE.Greivenkamp,SeriesEditor OpticalSciencesCenter TheUniversityofArizona FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms TheFieldGuideSeries Keepinformationatyourfingertipswithallofthetitlesinthe FieldGuideSeries: FieldGuideto AdaptiveOptics,Tyson&Frazier AtmosphericOptics,Andrews BinocularsandScopes,Yoder,Jr.&Vukobratovich DiffractiveOptics,Soskind GeometricalOptics,Greivenkamp Illumination,Arecchi,Messadi,&Koshel InfraredSystems,Detectors,andFPAs,SecondEdition, Daniels InterferometricOpticalTesting,Goodwin&Wyant LaserFiberTechnology,Paschotta LaserPulseGeneration,Paschotta Lasers,Paschotta Microscopy,Tkaczyk OpticalFabrication,Williamson OpticalLithography,Mack OpticalThinFilms,Willey Polarization,Collett SpecialFunctionsforEngineers,Andrews Spectroscopy,Ball VisualandOphthalmicOptics,Schwiegerling FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Recent advancements in microfabrication technologies as well as the development of powerful simulation tools have led to a significant expansion of diffractive optics and the commercial availability of cost-effective diffractive optical components. Instrument developers can choose from a broad range of diffractive optical elements to complement refractive and reflective components in achieving a desired control of the opticalfield. Material required for understanding the diffractive phe- nomenon is widely dispersed throughout numerous literature sources.ThisFieldGuideoffersscientistsandengineersacom- prehensive reference in the field of diffractive optics. College students and photonics enthusiasts will broaden their knowl- edgeandunderstandingofdiffractiveopticsphenomena. TheprimaryobjectivesofthisFieldGuidearetofamiliarizethe readerwithoperationalprinciplesandestablishedterminology in the field of diffractive optics, as well as to provide a comprehensive overview of the main types of diffractive optics components. An emphasis is placed on the qualitative explanation of the diffraction phenomenon by the use of field distributionsandgraphs,providingthebasisforunderstanding thefundamentalrelationsandtheimportanttrends. I would like to thank SPIE Press Manager Timothy Lamkins and Series Editor John Greivenkamp for the opportunity to write a Field Guide for one of the most fundamental physical optics phenomena, as well as SPIE Press Senior Editor Dara Burrowsforherhelp. My endless gratitude goes to my family: to my wife Eleanora, whohadtobearadditionaldutiesduringmyworkonthisbook, as well as to my children, Rose and Michael, who learned the materialwhilehelpingwithproofreadingthemanuscript. YakovG.Soskind August2011 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms vii TableofContents GlossaryofSymbols xi DiffractionFundamentals 1 TheDiffractionPhenomenon 1 ScalarDiffraction 2 ParaxialApproximation 3 FresnelDiffraction 4 FresnelDiffraction 4 ApertureswithIntegerNumberofFresnelZones 5 FresnelZonePlates 6 FresnelZonePlateProperties 7 FresnelPhasePlates 8 ComparingFresnelPlatesandIdealLenses 9 EfficiencyofFresnelPlatesandIdealLenses 10 TalbotEffect 11 FractionalTalbotDistributions 12 FraunhoferDiffraction 13 FraunhoferDiffraction 13 DiffractionofWaveswithFiniteSizes 14 DiffractiononRing-ShapedApertures 15 EnergyRedistributionwithinDiffractionRings 16 DiffractiononNoncircularApertures 17 RectangularandDiamond-ShapedApertures 18 ApodizedApertures 19 ApodizedApertures 19 ApodizedApertureswithCentralObscuration 20 FieldObstructionbyanOpaqueSemiplane 21 ApodizationwithSerratedEdges 22 SerratedAperturesasApodizers 23 DiffractionbyMultipleApertures 24 DiffractionbyMultipleApertures 24 EffectsofApertureSpacing 25 ApertureFillFactor 26 AperiodicallySpacedApertures 27 ResolutionLimitinOpticalInstruments 28 ResolutionLimitinOpticalInstruments 28 SuperresolutionPhenomenon 29 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms viii TableofContents SuperresolutionwithTwo-ZonePhaseMasks 30 PointSpreadFunctionEngineering 31 AdjustingDiffraction-RingIntensity 32 AmplitudeandPhaseFilterComparison 33 VortexPhaseMasks 34 CombiningAmplitudeandVortexPhaseMasks 35 DiffractiveComponents 36 DiffractionGratings 36 VolumeBraggGratings 37 PolarizationDependencyofVolumeBraggGratings 38 One-DimensionalSurface-ReliefGratings 39 GRISMElements 40 Two-DimensionalDiffractiveStructures 41 HolographicDiffusers 42 MultispotBeamGenerators 43 DesignofFan-OutElements 44 DiffractiveBeam-ShapingComponents 45 DigitalDiffractiveOptics 46 Three-DimensionalDiffractiveStructures 47 GratingProperties 48 GratingEquation 48 GratingProperties 49 FreeSpectralRangeandResolution 50 GratingAnomalies 51 PolarizationDependencyofGratingAnomalies 52 GratingsasAngularSwitches 53 GratingsasOpticalFilters 54 GratingsasPolarizingComponents 55 BlazingCondition 56 BlazingCondition 56 BlazedAngleCalculation 57 OptimumBlazedProfileHeight 58 ScalarDiffractionTheoryofaGrating 60 ScalarDiffractionTheoryofaGrating 60 DiffractionEfficiency 61 BlazeProfileApproximation 62 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms ix TableofContents ExtendedScalarDiffractionTheory 63 ExtendedScalarDiffractionTheory 63 DutyCycleandGhostOrders 64 ExtendedScalarversusRigorousAnalysis 65 GratingswithSubwavelengthStructures 66 GratingswithSubwavelengthStructures 66 BlazedBinaryGratings 67 RelativeFeatureSizeintheResonantDomain 68 EffectiveMediumTheory 69 ScalarDiffractionLimitationsandRigorousTheory 70 RigorousAnalysisofTransmissionGratings 71 AnalysisofBlazedTransmissionGratings 71 PolarizationDependencyandPeakEfficiencies 72 PeakEfficiencyofBlazedProfiles 73 WavelengthDependencyofEfficiency 74 EfficiencyChangeswithIncidentAngle 75 DiffractionEfficiencyforSmallFeatureSizes 76 PolychromaticDiffractionEfficiency 77 PolychromaticDiffractionEfficiency 77 MonolithicGratingDoublet 78 SpacedGratingDoublet 79 MonolithicGratingDoubletwithTwoProfiles 80 DiffractiveandRefractiveDoublets:Comparison 81 EfficiencyofSpacedGratingDoublets 82 EfficiencyofSpacedGratingDoublets 82 SensitivitytoFabricationErrors 83 FacetWidthandPolarizationDependency 84 SensitivitytoAxialComponentsSpacing 85 FrequencyCombFormation 86 DiffractiveComponentswithAxialSymmetry 87 DiffractiveComponentswithAxialSymmetry 87 DiffractiveLensSurfaces 88 DiffractiveKinoforms 89 BinaryDiffractiveLenses 90 OpticalPowerofaDiffractiveLensSurface 91 DiffractiveSurfacesasPhaseElements 92 SteppedDiffractiveSurfaces 93 PropertiesofSteppedDiffractiveSurfaces 94 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms x TableofContents Multi-orderDiffractiveLenses 95 DiffractiveLensDoublets 96 DiffractiveSurfacesinOpticalSystems 97 DiffractiveLensSurfacesinOpticalSystems 97 AchromaticHybridStructures 98 Opto-thermalPropertiesofOpticalComponents 99 AthermalizationwithDiffractiveComponents 100 AthermalizationwithSDSs 101 Appendix:DiffractiveRaytrace 102 EquationSummary 105 Bibliography 111 Index 114 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms xi GlossaryofSymbolsandAcronyms ASMA aperiodicallyspacedmultipleapertures B baselengthofaPRISM C incidentwaveobliquityfactor R C diffractedwaveobliquityfactor S CGH computer-generatedhologram d diameterofcentralobscuration d Braggplanespacing B d gratingperiodorgroovespacing g d stepwidthofithzone i D aperturediameterorlateralsize D Airydiskdiameter A D materialdispersion n D lensclearaperturediameter 0 DC dutycycle DDO digitaldiffractiveoptics DLS diffractivelenssurface e apertureobscuration E(ρ,ϕ) complexelectricfieldinpolarcoordinates E⊥ electricfieldnormaltothegratinggrooves E∥ electricfieldparalleltothegratinggrooves f focallengthofalens fD nominalfocallengthofadiffractivesurface 0 FDTD finitedifferencetimedomain FWHM fullwidthathalfmaximum FPP Fresnelphaseplate FZP Fresnelzoneplate h gratingprofiledepthorheight h stepheightofithzone i h profileheightofamulti-orderdiffractivelens m h optimumgratingprofiledepth(height) opt h stepheightofSDS SDS HOE holographicopticalelement → i unitvectorcodirectionalwithxaxis I(r) radialintensitydistribution IR infrared → j unitvectorcodirectionalwithyaxis J (ρ) Besselfunctionofthefirstkindofthezeroorder 0 J (ρ) Besselfunctionofthefirstkindofthefirstorder 1 FieldGuidetoDiffractiveOptics Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/30/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms
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