FIB 51: Structural Concrete Textbook on behaviour, design and performance, Second edition Volume 1: Design of concrete structures, conceptual design, materials

308 Pages·2009·24.881 MB·English

Structural Concrete
Textbook
on behaviour, design and performance

Second edition
Volume 1

November 2009
Subject to priorities defined by the Technical Council and the Presidium, the results of fib’s work in
Commissions and Task Groups are published in a continuously numbered series of technical publications
called 'Bulletins'. The following categories are used:
category minimum approval procedure required prior to publication
Technical Report approved by a Task Group and the Chairpersons of the Commission
State-of-Art Report approved by a Commission
Manual, Guide (to good practice) approved by the Technical Council of fib
or Recommendation
Model Code approved by the General Assembly of fib
Any publication not having met the above requirements will be clearly identified as preliminary draft.
This Bulletin N° 51 was approved as an fib Manual by the Technical Council in June 2009.
This first volume of the Structural Concrete Textbook was drafted by the following authors:
György L. Balázs* (Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Hungary) Editor, Convener
Agnieszka Bigaj-van Vliet* (TNO, The Netherlands) Sections 3.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.2
Hugo Corres Peiretti* (FHECOR/Polytechnic Univ. Madrid, Spain) Chapter 2
Rolf Eligehausen* (Univ. Stuttgart, Germany) Sections 3.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.2
Michael Haist (Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany) Sections 3.1
Javier León (FHECOR/Polytechnic Univ. Madrid, Spain), Chapter 2
Luis J. Lima* (Argentina) Sections 3.3.1
Harald S. Müller* (Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany) Sections 3.1
Alejandro Pérez Caldentey (FHECOR/Polytechnic Univ. Madrid, Spain) Chapter 2
Norbert Randl (Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Austria) Chapter 1
José Romo (FHECOR) Chapter 2
Joost C. Walraven* (Delft Univ. of Technology, The Netherlands) Sections 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6
Manfred Wicke (Austria) Chapter 1
* member of Special Activity Group 2, “Dissemination of knowledge”, Working Group “Textbook”.

Full address details of Task Group members may be found in the fib Directory or through the online services on
fib's website, www.fib-international.org.

Cover image: Wadi Abdoun Bridge, Jordan, one of the winners of the 2010 fib Awards for Outstanding
Concrete Structures [photo courtesy of Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners)].

© fédération internationale du béton (fib), 2009

Although the International Federation for Structural Concrete fib - fédération internationale du béton - does its
best to ensure that any information given is accurate, no liability or responsibility of any kind (including liability
for negligence) is accepted in this respect by the organisation, its members, servants or agents.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, translated, stored in a retrieval
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otherwise, without prior written permission.

First published in 2009 by the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)
Postal address: Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Street address: Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne - EPFL, Section Génie Civil
Tel [phone] • Fax [phone]
[email protected] • www.fib-international.org

ISSN 1562-3610
ISBN 978-2-88394-091-8

Printed by DCC Document Competence Center Siegmar Kästl e.K., Germany
.
Preface
The three volumes of “Structural Concrete: Textbook on behaviour, design and
performance – Updated knowledge of the CEB/FIP Model Code 1990” inaugurated fib’s
series of Bulletins in 1999. The first fib President, Michel Virlogeux, noted in his Preface to
these three Bulletins that: “... the decision to publish it first, as numbers 1, 2 and 3, is highly
symbolic.” Shortly after the dawn of the second decade of fib’s life and the completion of its
first 50 Bulletins, numbers 51, 52, 53 and 54 in the series are again devoted to the “Structural
Concrete Textbook” in what appear at first sight as its “second edition”.
The new volumes go far beyond the minor upgrade that a “second edition” normally
entails. The scope and the structure are about the same as in Bulletins 1, 2 and 3, but the new
edition contains a wealth of new information. Some chapters have been upgraded and
updated, while others are almost fully new in content, reflecting the advances in our
knowledge and technology during the past decade. As a matter of fact, some authors of the
new edition have not resisted the temptation to go beyond what may reasonably be considered
as background documentation of CEB/FIP Model Code 1990. Their chapters epitomise the
modern thinking and knowledge that will go into fib’s new Model Code, which is scheduled
to appear in 2010 with a scope much wider than that of CEB/FIP Model Code 1990. In this
respect the new Textbook presages fib Model Code 2010.
Like its predecessor, the new Textbook will be essential reading material for graduate
students in the field of structural concrete, especially for doctoral ones at the outset of their
research work. It will offer them the basics of material and structural behaviour and the
fundamental knowledge needed for the design, assessment or retrofitting of concrete
structures. It will also help designers and consultants in their quest to know what is behind the
– often prescriptive – rules they apply in their everyday practice. In this respect the new
Textbook will prove specially valuable to the users of the new European Norms EN 1992-1-
1:2003, EN 1992-2:2005 and EN 1992-3: 2006 (i.e. Eurocode 2 for concrete buildings,
bridges and container structures, respectively), which are based only partly on CEB/FIP
Model Code 1990 and partly on more recent knowledge, not reflected yet in the 1999 edition
of the Textbook.
The driving force behind the new Textbook has been György L. Balázs, who succeeded
Manfred Wicke as chairman of SAG 2, “Dissemination of Knowledge”, and is currently
Deputy President of fib. György persistently pursued the upgrade of the older version of
chapters, or the drafting of new ones when the original version was out of date or its authors
no longer available (as was often the case). Thanks and congratulations are also due to all
contributing authors of the Textbook, new or old, for devoting their precious time to its
completion, even more so because they have also been contributing at the same time to the
draft fib Model Code 2010 and/or working in fib’s Commissions and Task Groups. fib is
most grateful to them all.
Michael Fardis
President, fib
fib Bulletin 51: Structural Concrete – Textbook on behaviour, design and performance, vol. 1 iii
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Editor’s remarks
The fib Structural Concrete Textbook on behaviour, design and performance is a unique
Textbook that has been written mainly by professors from various universities and some
prominent experts from companies who are all strongly involved in the work of fib
(International Federation for Structural Concrete).
The objective of the Structural Concrete Textbook is to give detailed information on a
wide range of concrete engineering from selection of appropriate structural system as well as
materials through design and execution and finally behaviour in use.
The Structural Concrete Textbook includes the following main areas:
(1) phases of design process, conceptual design, short and long term properties of conven-
tional concrete (including creep, shrinkage, fatigue and temperature influences), special
types of concretes (such as self compacting concrete, architectural concrete, fibre
reinforced concrete, high and ultra high performance concrete), properties of reinforcing
and prestressing materials, bond, tension stiffening, moment-curvature, confining effect,
dowel action, aggregate interlock;
(2) structural analysis (with or without time dependent effects), definition of limit states,
control of cracking and deformations, design for moment, shear or torsion, buckling,
fatigue, anchorages, splices, detailing;
(3) design for durability (including service life design aspects, deterioration mechanisms,
modelling of deterioration mechanisms, environmental influences, influences of design
and execution on durability);
(4) fire design (including changes in material and structural properties, spalling, degree of
deterioration), member design (linear members and slabs with reinforcement layout,
deep beams); management, assessment, maintenance, repair (including, conservation
strategies, risk management, types of interventions) as well as aspects of execution
(quality assurance), formwork and curing.
The Textbook is directed to advanced studies of those who already have basic concrete
engineering knowledge and would like to extend it. These can be both graduate students as
well as practicing engineers.
The Textbook was prepared in the intermediate period from the CEP-FIP Model Code
1990 (MC90) to fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010). Therefore, we were able to incorporate a
lot of information that has been already finalized for MC2010, while keeping some materials
from MC90 that was not yet modified considerably.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all of the authors of the Textbook for their
very valuable work in preparing their contributions. In addition to them my special thanks are
directed to Laura Thommen-Vidale at the fib secretariat in Lausanne for her careful work in
finalizing the manuscripts, as well as to Dr. Éva Lublóy at my university in Budapest for
providing me with continuous help. I should also recall here the very valuable editorial work
done by Manfred Wicke and Norbert Randl when editing the first edition of this Textbook
I hope you will be able to use the Structural Concrete Textbook in your studies or work,
and also that the Structural Concrete Textbook will help the use of both the fib Model Codes
as well as the Eurocodes in related areas.
György L. Balázs, Editor
Convener, SAG 2, Dissemination of knowledge
Deputy-President, fib
iv fib Bulletin 51: Structural Concrete – Textbook on behaviour, design and performance, vol. 1
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Contents
Preface iii
Editor’s remarks iv
1 Design of concrete structures 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sequence of activities in the design process 1
1.2.1 Conceptual design 3
1.2.2 Preliminary design 4
1.2.3 Detailled design 6
1.3 Activities and strategies during the various stages 7
1.4 Modelling 8
References to Chapter 1 9
2 Conceptual design 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 What is conceptual design? 17
2.3 How is conceptual design carried out? 19
2.4 Some good examples of conceptual design 27
2.5 Strengths and weaknesses of current structural engineering and their
relationship to conceptual design 32
2.6 Final remarks 33
References to Chapter 2 33
3 Materials 35
3.1 Concrete 35
3.1.1 Introduction 35
3.1.2 Classification 35
3.1.3 Concrete composition and properties at the fresh state 37
3.1.4 The structure of concrete 40
(Hydrated cement paste – Hardened concrete)
3.1.5 Strength and deformation under short term loading 44
(Compression – Tension – Multiaxial stress states)
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3.1.6 Effects of time upon strength and deformation 53
(Development of strength and modulus of elasticity with time –
Strength and deformation under sustained high loadings –
Definitions of time-dependent deformations – Shrinkage – Creep –
Fatigue)
3.1.7 Effects of temperature on strength and deformation 72
(Thermal strains – Maturity – Strength, fracture and deformation
properties – Shrinkage and creep)
3.1.8 Material properties influencing concrete durability 78
(Transport mechanisms – Physical processes – Chemical processes)
3.1.9 Aspects of durability design and service life prediction 94
3.1.10 Special concretes 95
(Self-compacting concrete – Architectural concrete – Light weight
concrete – Fibre reinforced concrete – Ultra high performance
concrete)
References to Section 3.1 137
3.2 Reinforcement 150
3.2.1 Production of steel 150
(Steel composition – Production process – Types of steel products)
3.2.2 Essential properties of reinforcing steel 162
(European normative references for reinforcement of concrete
structures – Behaviour under static loading – Behaviour at extreme
temperatures – Behaviour under impact loading – Fatigue behaviour
– Bond properties of reinforcing steel – Bendability – Weldability –
Corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel – Thermal expansion –
Influence of straightening)
3.2.3 Classification of reinforcing steel 179
(CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 – European normative regulations)
3.2.4 Essential properties of prestressing steel 181
(European normative references for prestressing steel for concrete
structures – Behaviour under static loading – Behaviour under
extreme temperatures – Fatigue behaviour – Bond properties of
prestressing reinforcement – Corrosion resistance of prestressing
steel – Thermal expansion)
3.2.5 Classification of prestressing steel 192
(CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 – European normative regulations)
3.2.6 Special products with improved corrosion resistance 195
(Galvanised reinforcement (zinc-coated reinforcement) – Epoxy-
coated reinforcement – Stainless steel reinforcement)
3.2.7 Prestressing systems and anchorages 199
(Anchorage systems for post-tensioned reinforcement – Stressing
anchorage of pretensioned reinforcement)
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3.2.8 Connections of reinforcing steel 200
(Welding – Mechanical connections of reinforcing bars)
3.2.9 Industrialisation of reinforcement 209
References to Section 3.2 211
3.3 Composite behaviour 213
3.3.1 Composite behaviour of uncracked state 213
(Stress and strain of uncracked composite sections – Load level
dependence of strain and stress in RC and PC sections – Time-
dependence of strains and stresses in RC and PC sections –
References to Section 3.3.1)
3.3.2 Bond behaviour and models 225
(Bond of steel to concrete – Measurement of bond performance –
Modelling of bond – References to Section 3.3.2)
3.3.3 Tension stiffening 253
(Introduction – Behaviour of a centrically reinforced concrete bar
subjected to imposed de-formations – Derivation of a simplified
load-elongation relationship – References to Section 3.3.3)
3.3.4 Moment-curvature relationship 261
3.3.5 Confining action of reinforcement 270
(Mechanism of confinement – The effect of a confining
reinforcement – Complete stress-strain relationships for confined
concrete – References to Section 3.3.5)
3.3.6 Biaxial behaviour of cracked reinforced concrete 277
(General – Dowel action – Aggregate interlock in plain cracks in
concrete – The shear friction principle – Biaxial crushing criterion
for cracked reinforced concrete elements under biaxial loading –
References to Section 3.3.6)
Annex: List of notations (green pages) 287
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1 Design of concrete structures
by Manfred Wicke and Norbert Randl
1.1 Introduction
In the design process for an engineering project various groups of people are involved
representing various disciplines. Teamwork and exchange of information are required to bring
the project to a satisfactory conclusion within the given parameters. For engineering
structures, such as bridges, power plants, chimneys, television towers or industrial facilities,
the structural engineer usually leads the team. However, for buildings in general an architect
will be the team leader and the structural engineer one of the consultants.
Many fundamental and basic decisions are taken during the initial design phase.
Therefore, this stage will greatly affect the likely overall success of the project. The different
disciplines should cooperate right from the beginning in order to discuss the requirements and
determine a solution acceptable to all parties involved. Civil engineers must take an active
part in this process, independent of whether or not they are the team leaders. The
requirements of the structures which need to be designed must be well understood so that
engineers can contribute to find the optimum solution. Especially in their collaboration with
architects civil engineers need to take a proactive position in the improvement process of the
initial proposal which often is drafted by the architects. The contribution of civil engineering
to this process must be made with an open vision and an integral way of thinking in order to
be able to develop the best structural concept for the specific problem, taking into account all
aspects: structural typology, choice of materials, construction process, sustainability
conditions, durability, maintenance and so on.
The following sections will outline the various aspects to be considered in the different
design stages.
1.2 Sequence of activities in the design process
The starting point is the decision of a client to construct a civil engineering project to
satisfy specified demands. Clients may be for example highway administrations, municipal
agencies, insurance companies or private persons. Usually the client is assisted by an architect
or an engineering consultant.
Primarily the requirements and needs of the client have to be identified. This may be
achieved by discussions of the designing team with the client. At the end of this phase it
should be clear how the requirements of the client can be satisfied in the form of buildings or
engineering structures. Simultaneously, a feasibility study is needed to clarify the question of
financing (payment schedule): financing by user fees (e.g. toll roads), general fund sources,
private financing etc.
The structural design process is part of the entire design process and may be subdivided
into the three stages conceptual design, preliminary design and detailled design. In each stage
there are finite targets, influences and boundary conditions which should be kept in mind. In
the following sections the different aspects in relationship to each phase are presented.
fib Bulletin 51: Structural Concrete – Textbook on behaviour, design and performance, vol. 1 1