Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems: Part 2 Animals and Systems Analysis

348 Pages·1975·7.765 MB·English

by  H. Kauri, E. Østbye (auth.), F. E. Wielgolaski (eds.)

Ecological Studies
Analysis and Synthesis
Edited by
W. D. Billings, Durham (USA) F. Golley, Athens (USA)
O. L. Lange, Wlirzburg (FRG) J. S. Olson, Oak Ridge (USA)
Volume 17
Fennoscandian Tundra
Ecosystems
Part 2 Animals and Systems Analysis
Edited by F. E. Wielgolaski
Editorial Board
P. Kallio, H. Kauri, E. 0stbye, and T. Rosswall
With 81 Figures and 97 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1975
The picture on the cover is a simplified version of Fig. 1 on p. 4 of Ecological Studies, Vol. 16: Fennoscandian Tundra
Ecosystem, Part I.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66278-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-66276-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-66276-8
Distributed in the British Commonwealth Market by Chapman & Hall Limited, London.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. (Revised). Main entry under title: Fennoscandian tundra
ecosystems. (Ecological studies; v. 16-17). Bibliography: p. Includes index. CONTENTS: pt. I. Plants and micro
organisms. - pt. 2. Animals and systems analysis. I. Tundra ecology - Scandinavia. 2. Tundra ecology - Finland.
I. Wielgolaski, F. E., 1931-II. Kallio, Paavo. III. Rosswall, Thomas. IV. Series. QH164.F45 574.5'264 75-4809
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproducing by photocopying
machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to
the publisher, the amount ofthe fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1975
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.
Preface
Animals are important components of any ecosystem and it is impossible to
describe structure and funCtioning of the Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems
without including this part of the system. However, the strong diversity between
functionally highly different fauna groups makes it impossible to study all groups
in great detail with the funds and expertise available in Fennoscandia.
Relatively few productivity studies were carried out on animals in Fenno
scandian tundra regions before the IBP projects started in 1969-1970. Within
IBP, more fauna groups have been investigated in the Norwegian tundra project
than in the other countries, due to better financial support. Even in Norway,
however, only a limited number of invertebrate and vertebrate taxons is studied.
General lack of information on the same animals in various parts of the
Fennoscandian tundra makes it more difficult to present structural and functional
comparisons of fauna for the whole region than in plants and microorganisms
(see Part 1 of Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems). Brief surveys on faunal
problems within the area are given in the introduction to the animal section, and
general aspects are also discussed in the four first papers of the volume.
Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems are influenced by man through tourism,
hydroelectric damming and domestic animals. Native animals are also important
through herbivory and trampling by mammals as reindeer; and invertebrates
sometimes cause ecocatastrophic effects. All these factors are important in
multiple use discussions e. g. on stability of the systems as discussed in the
present volume. Within the conservation section (CT) of IBP in Norway,
vegetation mapping by remote sensing has been carried out in alpine tundra
areas, a method which is also useful in studies of influences by man and
other animals.
One way of synthesizing biological data is to use modeling. Mathematical
models may be used for integration and predictive purposes. The models may
either be general and then usually with few details and low precision, or on
specific and more detailed problems. Examples of both types are given in the
volume, but data are still missing for many parts of the models. Another type
of model is a "word" model which describes the problems in text form. The last
paper in this volume is an example of a "word" model trying to summarize and
synthesize the data presented in both volumes of Fennoscandian Tundra
Ecosystems.
The reader is referred to the preface of Ecological Studies Volume 16 for more
details on the background of Fennoscandian tundra studies carried out through
the latest years, and forming the bulk of data presented in the two Fennoscandian
Tundra Ecosystem volumes. The Editor and the Board express their thanks to
all authors for their valuable contributions and to Springer-Verlag for publication
of the Ecological Studies series. The Editor also wishes to thank Mrs. M. ESPELAND
VI Preface
for correcting the English style in most of the manuscripts and to Mrs.
I. LAUVSTAD who, as secretary, has had responsibility for the daily editorial
work in preparation of the volume.
Oslo, September 1975 F. E. WIELGOLASKI
Contents of Part 2
1. Animals
KAURI,H., 0STBYE,E.: Introduction .......... . 3
KAURI, H.: Area Size and Niche Breadth at Higher Latitudes 8
1.1. Faunal Structure of Research Areas
HAUKIOJA,E., KOPONEN,S.: Faunal Structure of Investigated Areas at Kevo,
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SOLH¢Y,T., Q)STBYE.E., KAURI,H., HAGEN,A., LIEN,L., SKAR,H.-J.: Faunal
Structure of Hardangervidda, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
JONSSON, S.: Faunal Structure of the IBP Tundra Site and Its Surroundings,
Abisko, Sweden ......................... 46
1.2. Organization and Dynamics of Populations
SOLH¢Y, T.: Dynamics of Enchytraeidae Populations on Hardangervidda 55
SOLH¢Y, T.: Dynamics of Oribatei Populations on Hardangervidda. .. 60
KOPONEN,S.: Spider Populations in a Subalpine Birch Forest . . . .. 66
FJELLBERG,A.: Organization and Dynamics of Collembola Populations on
Hardangervidda ......................... 73
KJELLSEN, E. K.: Dynamics ofThysanoptera Populations on Hardangervidda 80
T AMBS-LYCHE, H.: Dynamics of Aphididae Populations on Hardangervidda 84
HAGVAR,S., 0STBYE,E.: Occurrence and Role of Different Invertebrate
Groups in Alpine Salix herbacea Snowbeds at Hardangervidda . . . . . 88
HOGSTAD, 0.: Structure of Small Passerine Communities in Subalpine Birch
Forests in Fennoscandia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
LIEN,L., QSTBYE,E., HAGEN,A., SKAR,H.-J., SVALASTOG,D.: Density Varia-
tions of Bird Populations in High Mountain Habitats, Hardangervidda 105
1.3. Bioenergetics
SOLH¢Y,T., SKARTVEIT,A.: Influence of Various Temperature Approxi
mations on Estimates of Field Respiration in a Mountain Community 111
KAURI,H., MOLDUNG,T.J., FJELLBERG,A.: Respiration Rates, Winter and
Summer Activity in Collembola on Hardangervidda . . . . . . . . . . 117
STEIGEN,A.L.: Respiratory Rates and Respiratory Energy Loss in Terrestrial
Invertebrates from Hardangervidda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
VIII Contents of Part 2
STEIGEN,A L.: Energetics in a Population of Pardosa palustris (L.) (Araneae,
Lycosidae) on Hardangervidda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
HOFSVANG, T.: Life Cycle and Energy Budget of Tipula excisa (Schum.)
(Diptera, Tipulidae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
NAESS,S.J., STEIGEN,AL., SOLH¢Y,T.: Standing Crop and Calorific Content
in Invertebrates from Hardangervidda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
SKAR,H.-J., HAGVAR,S., HAGEN,A, <;i)STBYE,E.: Food Habits and Body
Composition of Adult and Juvenile Meadow Pipit [Anthus pratensis (L.)] 160
HAGEN,A, <;i)STBYE,E., SKAR,H.-J.: Energy Budget of a Population of the
Root Vole [Microtus oeconomus (Pall.)] in a High Mountain Habitat,
Hardangervidda ......................... 170
1.4. Herbivory Aspects
KALLIO,P., LEHTONEN,J.: On the Ecocatastrophe of Birch Forests Caused by
Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) and the Problem of Reforestation 174
HAUKIOJA,E., KOPONEN,S.: Birch Herbivores and Herbivory at Kevo 182
HAUKIOJA, E.: Importance Criteria in Birch Defoliators . . . . . . 189
GAARE, E., SKOGLAND, T.: Wild Reindeer Food Habits and Range Use at
Hardangervidda ......................... 195
GAARE,E., THoMsoN,B.R., KJOs-HANssEN,O.: Reindeer Activity on Hardan-
gervidda ............ . 206
WIELGOLASKI, F. E.: Grazing by Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
2. Conservation and Recreation in Tundra Ecosystems
DAHL,E.: Stability of Tundra Ecosystems in Fennoscandia .... 231
HESJEDAL,O., LARssoN,J.: Remote Sensing of Vegetation in Conservation of
Tundra Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
3. Models for Integration and Prediction
WIELGOLASKI,F.E.: Principles in the Use of Wide-Scale Models on Tundra
Data .............................. 245
SANDHAUG, A, KJELVIK, S., WIELGOLASKI, F. E.: A Mathematical Simulation
Model for Terrestrial Tundra Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
GYLLENBERG, G.: Systems Analysis on Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . 267
LIEST¢L,K., <;i)STBYE,E., SKAR,H.-J., SWARTZMAN,G.: A Simulation Model of
a Small Rodent Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
STENSETH, N. c.: Energy Model for Individual Small Rodents and Its Signi-
ficance in General Population Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283
WIELGOLASKI,F.E.: Functioning of Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems 300
Subject Index 327
Contents of Part 1
1. Site Description
SONESSON, M., WIELGOLASKI, F. E., KALLIO, P.: Description of Fennoscandian
Tundra Ecosystems
2. Abiotic Variables
HINNERI,S., SONEssoN,M., VEUM, A. K.: Soils of Fennoscandian IBP Tundra
Ecosystems
SKARTVEIT,A., RYDEN, B. E., KARENLAMPI, L.: Climate and Hydrology of
Some Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems
3. Primary Producers
WIELGOLASKI, F. E., KALLIO, P.: Introduction
3.1. Plant Structure
DAHL,E.: Flora and Plant Sociology in Fennoscandian Tundra Areas
LYE, K. A.: Survey of the Main Plant Communities on Hardangervidda
HESJEDAL, 0.: Vegetation Mapping at Hardangervidda
ELvEN,R., RYVARDEN,L.: Dispersal and Primary Establishment of
Vegetation
WIELGOLASKI, F. E.: Comparison of Plant Structure on Grazed and Ungrazed
Tundra Meadows
WIELGOLASKI,F.E., KARENLAMPI,L.: Plant Phenology of Fennoscandian
Tundra Areas
BERG,A., KJELVIK,S., WIELGOLASKI,F.E.: Measurement of Leaf Areas and
Leaf Angles of Plants at Hardangervidda, Norway
3.2. Biomass and Production
KJELVIK,S., KARENLAMPI,L.: Plant Biomass and Primary Production of
Fennoscandian Subarctic and Subalpine Forests and of Alpine Willow and
Heath Ecosystems
WIELGOLASKI,F.E.: Primary Productivity of Alpine Meadow Communities
FLOWER-ELLIS,l.G.K.: Growth in Populations of Andromeda polifolia on a
Subarctic Mire
x Contents of Part 1
3.3. Plant Processes
KARENLAMPI,L., TAMMISOLA,J., HURME,H.: Weight Increase of Some
Lichens as Related to Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Thallus Moisture
KALLIO,P., HEINONEN,S.: CO Exchange and Growth of Rhacomitrium
2
lanuginosum and Dicranum elongatum
KALLIO, P., V ALANNE, N.: On the Effect of Continuous Light on Photo
synthesis in Mosses
NYGAARD,R. T.: Acclimatization Effect in Photosynthesis and Respiration
SKRE,O.: CO Exchange in Norwegian Tundra Plants Studied by Infrared
2
Gas Analyzer Technique
KJELVIK,S., WIELGOLASKI,F.E., JAHREN,A: Photosynthesis and Respiration
of Plants Studied by Field Technique at Hardangervidda, Norway
JOHANSSON,L.-G., LINDER,S.: The Seasonal Pattern of Photosynthesis of
Some Vascular Plants on a Subarctic Mire
WIELGOLASKI,F.E., KJELVIK,S.: Energy Content and Use of Solar Radiation
of Fennoscandian Tundra Plants
BERG,A, KJELVIK,S., WIELGOLASKI,F.E.: Distribution of 14C Photo
synthates in Norwegian Alpine Plants
BERG, A: Pigment Structure of Vascular Plants, Mosses, and Lichens at
Hardangervidda, Norway
4. Decomposers
Rossw ALL, T.: Introduction
GOKS(OYR,J.: Decomposition, Microbiology, and Ecosystem Analysis
HANssEN,J.F., GOKS(OYR,J.: Biomass and Production of Soil and Litter
Fungi at Scandinavian Tundra Sites
HAYES,AJ., RHEINBERG,P.: Microfungal Populations of the Abisko Area,
Northern Sweden
CLARHOLM, M., LID-TORSVIK, V., BAKER, J. H.: Bacterial Populations of Some
Fennoscandian Tundra Soils
BERG, B., KAREN LAMPI, L., VEUM, A K.: Comparisons of Decomposition Rates
Measured by Means of Cellulose
RosswALL,T., VEUM,AK., KARENLAMPI,L.: Plant Litter Decomposition at
Fennoscandian Tundra Sites
SVENssoN,B.H., VEuM,A.K., KJELVIK,S.: Carbon Losses from Tundra Soils
5. Nutrient Cycling
KALLIO, P., WIELGOLASKI, F. E.: Introduction
KALLIO,S., KALLIO,P.: Nitrogen Fixation in Lichens at Kevo, North-Finland
GRANHALL, U., LID-TORSVIK, V.: Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria and Free
Living Blue-Green Algae in Tundra Areas
Contents of Part 1 XI
WIELGOLASKI,F.E., KJELVIK,S., KALLIO,P.: Mineral Content of Tundra and
Forest Tundra Plants in Fennoscandia
KALLIO, P., VEUM, A. K.: Analysis of Precipitation at Fennoscandian Tundra
Sites
SKRE,O., BERG, A., WIELGOLASKI, F. E.: Organic Compounds in Alpine Plants
LARSSON, P., TANGEN, K.: The Input and Significance of Particulate
Terrestrial Organic Carbon in a Subalpine Freshwater Ecosystem
Subject Index