Feminism: A Very Short Introduction

168 Pages·2007·2.65 MB·English

Feminism: A Very Short Introduction
Very Short Introductions are for anyone wanting a stimulating
and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have
been published in more than 25 languages worldwide.
The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics
in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next
few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes – a Very Short
Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to
conceptual art and cosmology.
Very Short Introductions available now:
ANARCHISM Colin Ward CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead
ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw CLASSICS Mary Beard and
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY John Henderson
Julia Annas CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard
ANCIENT WARFARE THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon
Harry Sidebottom CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore
THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE Continental Philosophy
John Blair Simon Critchley
ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia COSMOLOGY Peter Coles
ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn THE CRUSADES
ARCHITECTURE Christopher Tyerman
Andrew Ballantyne CRYPTOGRAPHY
ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes Fred Piper and Sean Murphy
ART HISTORY Dana Arnold DADA AND SURREALISM
ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland David Hopkins
THE HISTORY OF Darwin Jonathan Howard
ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin Democracy Bernard Crick
Atheism Julian Baggini DESCARTES Tom Sorell
Augustine Henry Chadwick DESIGN John Heskett
BARTHES Jonathan Culler DINOSAURS David Norman
THE BIBLE John Riches DREAMING J. Allan Hobson
BRITISH POLITICS DRUGS Leslie Iversen
Anthony Wright THE EARTH Martin Redfern
Buddha Michael Carrithers EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch
BUDDHISM Damien Keown EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown BRITAIN Paul Langford
CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball
THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe EMOTION Dylan Evans
CHOICE THEORY EMPIRE Stephen Howe
Michael Allingham ENGELS Terrell Carver
CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson Ethics Simon Blackburn
The European Union THE MARQUIS DE SADE
John Pinder John Phillips
EVOLUTION MARX Peter Singer
Brian and Deborah Charlesworth MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers
FASCISM Kevin Passmore MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope
FOSSILS Keith Thomson MEDIEVAL BRITAIN
FOUCAULT Gary Gutting John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION MODERN ART David Cottington
William Doyle MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta
FREE WILL Thomas Pink MOLECULES Philip Ball
Freud Anthony Storr MUSIC Nicholas Cook
Galileo Stillman Drake Myth Robert A. Segal
Gandhi Bhikhu Parekh NATIONALISM Steven Grosby
GLOBALIZATION NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner
Manfred Steger NINETEENTH-CENTURY
GLOBAL WARMING BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and
Mark Maslin H. C. G. Matthew
HABERMAS NORTHERN IRELAND
James Gordon Finlayson Marc Mulholland
HEGEL Peter Singer PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close
HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood paul E. P. Sanders
HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson Philosophy Edward Craig
HINDUISM Kim Knott PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
HISTORY John H. Arnold Samir Okasha
HOBBES Richard Tuck PLATO Julia Annas
HUME A. J. Ayer POLITICS Kenneth Minogue
IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Indian Philosophy David Miller
Sue Hamilton POSTCOLONIALISM
Intelligence Ian J. Deary Robert Young
ISLAM Malise Ruthven POSTMODERNISM
JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves Christopher Butler
JUDAISM Norman Solomon POSTSTRUCTURALISM
Jung Anthony Stevens Catherine Belsey
KAFKA Ritchie Robertson PREHISTORY Chris Gosden
KANT Roger Scruton PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY
KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner Catherine Osborne
THE KORAN Michael Cook Psychology Gillian Butler and
LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews Freda McManus
LITERARY THEORY QUANTUM THEORY
Jonathan Culler John Polkinghorne
LOCKE John Dunn RENAISSANCE ART
LOGIC Graham Priest Geraldine A. Johnson
MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway
ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
RUSSELL A. C. Grayling Helen Graham
RUSSIAN LITERATURE SPINOZA Roger Scruton
Catriona Kelly STUART BRITAIN John Morrill
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION TERRORISM
S. A. Smith Charles Townshend
SCHIZOPHRENIA THEOLOGY David F. Ford
Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone THE HISTORY OF TIME
SCHOPENHAUER Leofranc Holford-Strevens
Christopher Janaway TRAGEDY Adrian Poole
SHAKESPEARE Germaine Greer THE TUDORS John Guy
SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt TWENTIETH-CENTURY
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan
ANTHROPOLOGY THE VIKINGS Julian D. Richards
John Monaghan and Wittgenstein A. C. Grayling
Peter Just WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman
SOCIALISM Michael Newman THE WORLD TRADE
SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce ORGANIZATION
Socrates C. C. W. Taylor Amrita Narlikar
Available soon:
AFRICAN HISTORY HUMAN EVOLUTION
John Parker and Richard Rathbone Bernard Wood
ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea Paul Wilkinson
CHAOS Leonard Smith JAZZ Brian Morton
CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy THE MIND Martin Davies
CONTEMPORARY ART PERCEPTION Richard Gregory
Julian Stallabrass PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Raymond Wacks
Timothy Lim PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Derrida Simon Glendinning Jack Copeland and
ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta Diane Proudfoot
THE END OF THE WORLD PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards
Bill McGuire PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns
EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn RACISM Ali Rattansi
THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE RAJ Denis Judd
Michael Howard THE RENAISSANCE
FUNDAMENTALISM Jerry Brotton
Malise Ruthven ROMAN EMPIRE Christopher Kelly
HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside ROMANTICISM Duncan Wu
For more information visit our web site
www.oup.co.uk/vsi/
Margaret Walters
FEMINISM
A Very Short Introduction
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide in
Oxford New York
AucklandCape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi
Kuala LumpurMadrid MelbourneMexico CityNairobi
New DelhiShanghaiTaipeiToronto
With offices in
ArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzech RepublicFranceGreece
GuatemalaHungaryItaly Japan PolandPortugalSingapore
South KoreaSwitzerlandThailand TurkeyUkraineVietnam
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
in the UK and in certain other countries
Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
© Margaret Walters 2005
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First published as a Very Short Introduction 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 0–19–280510–X 978–0–19–280510–2
13579108642
Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk
Printed in Great Britain by
TJ International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall
Contents
List of illustrations ix
Introduction 1
1
The religious roots of feminism 6
2
The beginning of secular feminism 17
3
The 18th century: Amazons of the pen 26
4
The early 19th century: reforming women 41
5
The late 19th century: campaigning women 56
6
Fighting for the vote: suffragists 68
7
Fighting for the vote: suffragettes 75
8
Early 20th-century feminism 86
9
Second-wave feminism: the late 20th century 97
10
Feminists across the world 117
Afterword 137
References 142
Further reading 149
Index 151
List of illustrations
1 Quaker women preaching 8 Emily Davison throws
in the 17th century 12 herself under the
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk King’s horse, 1913 82
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk
2 Margaret Cavendish,
Duchess of Newcastle 22
9 Poster showing a
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk
suffragette being
3 Mary Wollstonecraft 37 force-fed, 1910 84
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk © 2005 TopFoto.co.uk
4 Florence Nightingale 51
10 Margaret Sanger 92
© Mary Evans Picture Library
© Bettmann/Corbis
5 Song-sheet of ‘The March
of the Women’, 1911 76 11 Simone de Beauvoir 100
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk © Photos12.com/Keystone
Pressedienst
6 The Pankhursts lead
parade, 1911 79 12 Betty Friedan 103
© Hulton-Deutsch © J. P. Laffont/Sygma/Corbis
Collection/Corbis
13 Demonstration against
7 Emmeline Pankhurst
the Miss America beauty
arrested outside
pageant, Atlantic City,
Buckingham Palace,
1969 109
1914 81
© J. P. Laffont/Sygma/Corbis
© 2005 TopFoto.co.uk
14 Women’s Liberation 17 South African women
march through protest against the
London, 1971 111 death sentence of
© Bettmann/Corbis Amina Lawal, 2003 126
© Juda Ngwenya/Reuters
15 Women’s Liberation 18 Sundanese Muslim girl
rally, New York, 1970 113 with inked finger,
© Ellen Shumsky/The Image proof of having voted 128
Works/2005 TopFoto.co.uk © Chris Stowers/Panos Pictures
19 Protest by a women’s
16 Anti-female circumcision rights group, Jakarta,
poster, Sudan 124 2000 132
© Sven Torfinn/Panos Pictures © Darren Whiteside/Reuters
The publisher and the author apologize for any errors or omissions
in the above list. If contacted they will be pleased to rectify these at
the earliest opportunity.
Introduction
‘I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism
is’, the writer Rebecca West remarked, sardonically, in 1913. ‘I only
know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments
that differentiate me from a doormat or a prostitute.’ The word was
a comparatively new one when she wrote; it had only appeared in
English – from the French – in the 1890s. Interestingly, the earliest
examples of the word in the Oxford English Dictionary carried
negative meanings. In 1895 the Athenaeum sneeringly referred to a
piece about a woman whose ‘coquetting with the doctrines of
feminism’ are traced with real humour. ‘In Germany feminism is
openly socialistic’, the Daily Chronicle shuddered in 1908, and went
on to dismiss out of hand ‘suffragists, suffragettes and all the other
phases in the crescendo of feminism’.
In those years, some writers used an alternative term –
‘womanism’ – with the same hostility. One long-forgotten writer
was roused to angry sneers in his memoirs when he recalled
meeting an intellectual woman living in Paris (she comes across,
despite his prejudices, as lively and interesting) whose writings
reflected ‘the strong-minded womanism of the nineteenth century’.
Curiously, one of the sharpest attacks on the word ‘feminism’ came
from Virginia Woolf, whose A Room of One’s Own is such an
effective and engaging plea for women. In Three Guineas, written in
1