FEB 06 2009

140 Pages·2016·14.97 MB·English

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© by PSP Volume 18 – No 6. 2009 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

FEB - EDITORIAL BOARD Environmental Toxicology:
Prof. Dr. H. Greim
Chief Editor: Senatskomm. d. DFG z. Prüfung gesundheitsschädl.
Arbeitsstoffe
Prof. Dr. H. Parlar TU München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany

Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Analytische
Prof. Dr. A. Kettrup
Chemie
TU München - 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Analytische
e-mail: [email protected] Chemie
TU München - 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany

FEB - ADVISORY BOARD
Co-Editors:
Environmental Analytical Chemistry:
Environmental Analytical Chemistry:
K. Ballschmitter, D - K. Bester, D - K. Fischer, D - R.
Dr. D. Kotzias
Kallenborn, N
Commission of the European Communities, D.C.G. Muir, CAN - R. Niessner, D - W. Vetter, D - P.
Joint Research Centre, Ispra Establishment, Conte, I
21020 Ispra (Varese), Italy
Environmental Proteomic and Biology:

D. Adelung, D - G.I. Kvesitadze, GEOR
Environmental Proteomic and Biology: A. Reichlmayr-Lais, D - C. Steinberg, D - R. Viswanathan,
D
Prof. Dr. A. Görg
Environmental Chemistry:
Fachgebiet Proteomik
TU München - 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany J.P. Lay, D - J. Burhenne, D - S. Nitz, D - R. Kreuzig, D
D. L. Swackhammer, U.S.A. - R. Zepp, U.S.A. – T. Alpay, TR
Prof. Dr. A. Piccolo
Università di Napoli “Frederico II”, Environmental Management:
Dipto. Di Scienze Chimico-Agrarie
O. Hutzinger, A - L.O. Ruzo, U.S.A - U. Schlottmann, D
Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy

Environmental Toxicology:
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UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum, K.-W. Schramm, D - H. Frank, D - H. P. Hagenmeier, D
Sektion Chemische Ökotoxikologie Leipzig-Halle GmbH, D. Schulz-Jander, U.S.A. - H.U. Wolf, D – M. McLachlan, S
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TU Braunschweig
Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Institut für Chemisch-Technische Analyse und Chem-
ische
Prof. Dr. M. Spiteller Lebensmitteltechnologie, TU München
Institut für Umweltforschung Universität Dortmund 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Organization of the Master Plan &
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54636 Thessaloniki, Greece Abstracted/ indexed in: Biology & Environmental Sciences,
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1
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Research Alert, Science Citation Index (SCI), SciSearch, Selected
Water Resources Abstracts
902
© by PSP Volume 18 – No 6. 2009 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

CONTENTS

ORIGINAL PAPERS

PRODUCT QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 904
COMPOST FROM PILOT AND REAL SCALE PLANTS
Gamze Varank, Ahmet Demir, Ebru Akkaya, M.Sinan Bilgili and Bestamin Özkaya

REMOVAL OF LINDANE AND DIELDRIN FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY 911
MONTMORILLONITE AND BENTONITE AND OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS
Mehmet E. Aydin, Senar Ozcan and Fatma Beduk

TEMPORAL VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED ALKALI AND 917
ALKALINE EARTH METALS IN THE SEDIMENT OF A MONSOONAL WETLAND IN INDIA
B. Anjan Kumar Prusty, Rachna Chandra and PA Azeez

DYNAMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION DISASTERS 928
Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis and Alberto Gotti

THE DETERIORATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF 935
THE SHALLOW KOUTAVOS LAGOON IN KEFALONIA, GREECE
Constantina Zafiri, Constantina E. Marazioti, Michael Kornaros,
Konstantinos Angelopoulos and Gerasimos Lyberatos

OXIDANT AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF TISSUES OF FRESHWATER CRAYFISH 948
(Astacus leptodactylus Esch., 1823) FROM DIFFERENT STATIONS IN THE KEBAN DAM LAKE
Ozden Barim, Fulya Benzer, Mine Erisir and Mustafa Dorucu

PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION OF CO-EXISTING 955
CHLOROPHENOLS BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE SUSPENSIONS
Kuo-Hua Wang, Yung-Hsu Hsieh and Ting-Shan Chia

MULTI-ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF AIRBORNE 960
PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE PATRAS URBAN AREA, GREECE
Constantina Marazioti, Christos Maramathas, Panagiota Marazioti and Evangelos Maraziotis

ENHANCEMENT EFFECT OF DOUBLE-LAYER TiO /ACTIVATED CARBON 968
2
FILM FOR THE PHOTO-CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF GASEOUS ACETONE
Chiu-Ping Chang and Yu-Chih Lin

FUMIGANT TOXICITY OF THREE ESSENTIAL OILS AND THEIR BINARY AND TERTIARY 975
MIXTURES AGAINST THE PULSE BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Fedai Erler, Tugba Erdemir, Fatma O. Ceylan and Cengiz Toker

FLUCTUATION OF SIZE-FRACTIONATED ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE 982
AFTER BLOOM DISAPPEARANCE IN TWO SHALLOW PONDS
Song Chunlei, Cao Xiuyun and Zhou Yiyong
903
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CHARACTERIZATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF RED 989
MUD DERIVED FROM THE SINTERING ALUMINA PROCESS
Ying Zhao, Jun Wang, Changjun Liu, Zhaokun Luan, Ning Wei and Zhen Liang

EFFECT OF INITIAL REACTIVE RED 120 CONCENTRATIONS ON 994
THE BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND DYE UPTAKE BY Spirulina platensis
Abuzer Çelekli, Mehmet Yavuzatmaca, Ersin Beyazçiçek and Hüseyin Bozkurt

EFFECTS ON PYRENE REMOVAL FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL USING 999
FENTON REAGENTS AND DEGRADATION PRODUCT ANALYSIS BY FTIR
Ming-Chin Chang and Hung-Young Kang

PREPARATION OF Fe–Al LAYERED DOUBLE 1006
HYDROXIDE AND ITS APPLICATION IN Sb REMOVAL
Tomohito Kameda, Noritoshi Yagihashi, Kye-Sung Park, Guido Grause and Toshiaki Yoshioka

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

MONITORING OF DIRTY ELECTRICITY IN A SECONDARY 1011
SCHOOL IN KAZAN, REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN, RUSSIA
Oksana V. Trushina, Boris I. Barabanschikov and Maxim V. Trushin

EFFECT OF SOME PRETREATMENTS ON SEED GERMINATION 1014
OF BEAN TREFOIL (Anagyris foetida L.), SUMMER-DECIDUOUS SHRUB
Mahmut D. Avsar

NOTES

AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF EU: THE CASE OF ORGANIC FARMING IN GREECE 1018
Stamatis Aggelopoulos, Garyfallos Arabatzis and Alexandra Pauloudi

ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL FROM THE INCINERATION OF OIL-SLUDGE 1025
Noorddin Ibrahim, Mohamed R. Yusof and Mohamad Siphon

INDEX 1029

903
© by PSP Volume 18 – No 6. 2009 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

PRODUCT QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
COMPOST FROM PILOT AND REAL SCALE PLANTS

Gamze Varank*, Ahmet Demir, Ebru Akkaya, M.Sinan Bilgili and Bestamin Özkaya
Yildiz Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Esenler, İstanbul/Turkey

ABSTRACT The organic content of the waste in developing coun-
tries is generally higher [1]. For that reason, composting can
In this study; properties and quality of municipal solid be another appropriate waste management alternative. Over
waste compost were investigated and compared in pilot- 50% by weight of a municipal solid waste stream in a de-
and real-scale plants. The compost quality was determined veloping country could be readily composted [2,3]. Com-
in terms of pH, moisture content, organic matter content, posting can be defined as a method of solid waste manage-
total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), total ment where organic material is decomposed to a stage in
organic carbon (TOC), C/N ratio, phytotoxicity, Salmonella which it can be handled, stored and applied to land without
sp., stability index (SI), heavy metal and evaluated consid- environmental impacts [4]. Composting is a process of con-
ering German compost quality standard (LAGA). Further, trolled decay which enables aerobic bacteria and other mi-
the applicability and utility of the end products from two croorganisms to decompose organic matter and produce a
aerobic pilot scale landfill reactors with (A1) and without stable end product suitable for soil dressing or for landfill
(A2) leachate recirculation and Istanbul Solid Waste Recy- of domestic waste when crude waste material can not be
cling and Composting Plant (CP) were evaluated. pH and or- disposed of [5]. Compost is a valuable soil amendment that
ganic content of compost products were around 7.7-8.0 and improves many soil properties and decreases soil crusting,
36.5-46.5%, respectively. The compost moisture content regulates storage and release of nutrients, enhances the de-
in A1 reactor was determined as 70%, which was the highest velopment of beneficial microorganisms and promotes faster
value due to the leachate recirculation. Carbon to nitrogen root development.
(C/N) ratios were 7.3, 5.3 and 12.8 in A1, A2 and CP end-
Product quality and consistency generally are consid-
products in respective order. Heavy metal concentrations of
ered to be the most important factors affecting the demand
Cu, Cd and Cr exceeded the allowable standards values
for compost. High quality and mature compost has a dark
stipulated for compost products. Salmonella sp. as a hy-
color, uniform particle size, and pleasant earthy odor. It
gienic indicator did not found in the compost products.
should contain at allowable levels of chemical residues,
All the end products were in the non-toxic class of the
heavy metals and toxic constituents and should not contain
relevant standards as per phytotoxicity tests carried out on
visually identifiable contaminants (glass, metal and plastic
compost and soil mixtures of 25 and 50%, and these prod-
bits). Product quality is very important to the marketability
ucts were mature and stabile.
of compost. Therefore, this study investigates the end prod-

uct quality of pilot scale reactors simulating an aerobic
landfill and Istanbul Aerobic Composting and Recycling
KEYWORDS: Municipal solid waste, aerobic landfilling, compost-
Plant. In this context, end product qualities were determined
ing, product quality.
by means of pH, moisture content, organic matter content,
total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total Phosphorus (TP), total

INTRODUCTION organic Carbon (TOC), C/N ratio, phytotoxicity test, Sal-
monella sp. test, Stability Index (SI) and heavy metal (cad-
mium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) content.
The growth of population and urbanization has aggra-

vated the problem of the management of municipal solid

wastes (MSW). The increase in the amount of global MSW
MATERIALS AND METHODS
with improved living standards and technological develop-
ment brings disposal problem. The selection of the treat-
Aerobic Landfill Reactors
ment process suitable in a specific case results from the
financial and infrastructural framework conditions, the waste The pilot-scale landfill reactors were made from 0.5 cm
quantities and, above all of the waste composition. The safe polypropylene, which is resistant to high temperatures until
and reliable long term disposal of solid waste residues is an 80 oC (Figure 1). The reactor consists of concentric cylin-
important component of integrated waste management. der having inner and outer diameters of 50 and 60 cm;
904
© by PSP Volume 18 – No 6. 2009 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

the blank between inner and outer diameters was filled Istanbul Recycling and Aerobic Composting Plant
with heat isolation material to prevent temperature redis- The flow chart of the composting and recycling plant
tribution from the surrounding environment. The gravel is shown in Fig. 2. The plant consists of two independent
layer height on top of the leachate collection pipes was lines with the same properties. Waste is transferred by con-
around 15-20 cm. Landfill gas was collected via the per- veyor belts to two rotary drum sieves, which have a diame-
forated pipes having diameter and height of 4 and 170 cm ter of 3.35 m, length of 12.47 m, 80 mm pore diameter and
in the center of each reactor. Temperature was monitored 2o slope. Ferrous metals within the undersize materials that
by probes located at 60 and 120 cm depths from the waste pass through the 80 mm rotary drum sieve are transferred
surface. Leachate was collected via 2.5 cm perforated pipes to the composting area, then removed by a magnetic sepa-
at the bottom of the reactors; the pipes were equipped with rator and finally transferred to a scrap metal stationary com-
a discharge valve [6]. pactor. Oversize materials from the 80 mm rotary drum
sieve are transferred by conveyor belt to a hand-sorting unit
in order to separate recyclable materials. MSW from the
districts that have high income and use gas or liquid fuel
were intended to be transferred to the plant. The non-source
separated waste processing facility, which utilizes mecha-
nized sorting equipment and workers to pick recyclable
material out of the refuse, was designed according to the
recommendations in the feasibility reports. General health
and safety precautions are taken for workers, such as gloves,
vaccinations, etc. No health problems have been reported
in the plant that was directly related to waste picking [8].
The composting and recycling plant was constructed
to produce compost material for the municipality’s parks
and green areas, but not for sale. There is almost no mar-
ket for compost material from solid waste; one of the rea-
sons is the lack of compost plant in Turkey until recent
decades.

Analyses
pH, moisture content, organic matter content, TKN,
total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), C/N
ratio, phytotoxicity, Salmonella sp. test, Stability Index (SI)
and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead
and zinc) were analyzed to determine end product quality.
Solids analysis requires finely ground homogeneous sam-
ples. The samples were ground in a grinder to pass a 1.5 mm
screen after drying. Thereafter, pH, organic matter, TOC,
TKN, C/N ratio, TP parameters were analyzed according
to Standard Methods of APHA [9].
While a product may not negatively impact plant
growth in the short term, over time it could become phy-
totoxic due to the build-up of inorganic materials, which

could potentially lead to a reduction in soil productivity.
FIGURE 1 - Aerobic landfill reactors (adapted from [6]).
For this reason, plant phytotoxicity testing is used on the

finished compost. Phytotoxicity test involve measuring the
The MSW added to the landfill reactors was obtained
yield of plants obtained from the test compost and from
from the Odayeri Sanitary Landfill, Istanbul, Turkey. The
control soil. In our study, we used cress seed and grew
MSW composition placed at almost equal quantities to A1
under suitable conditions at greenhouse for 7-10 days, there-
and A2 reactors was 44% organic, 8% paper, 6% glass, 6%
after, measured yield of cress seed obtained from test com-
metals, 5% plastic, 5% textile, 9% nylon, 8% diaper, and
post and control soil at two different percent of 25 and 50%
9% ash and others as average [7], which represent Istanbul
[10]. Then, plant suitable percents were calculated with the
MSW. To provide aerobic conditions in A1 and A2 reac-
tors, a total 5400 m3 air was applied with the aeration rates following equation;
of 5.04 and 5.16 L air/kg waste-h, respectively, and leachate TK = [TK / TK ] * 100 (1)
(25%-50%) (25%-50%) OBT
recirculation was started simultaneously with aeration in where TK is the weight of fresh cress plant
(25%-50%)
A1 reactor. Thereafter, totally 29.4 L of leachate (0.35 L/ grown at 25-50 percent of two different ratios, TK is
OBT
day/m3 waste) was recirculated to the A1 reactor [6]. the cress yield as weight grown at control soil.
905

© by PSP Volume 18 – No 6. 2009 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

MUNICIPAL WASTE
1000 tons/day ± %20
WASTE RECEIVING

LOADING UNIT
>80 mm.
1st SIEVE
TO LANDFILL
HAND SORTING OF
STORAGE 2nd SIEVE (for coal ash) RECYCLABLE 400 tons/day ± %20
MATERIALS
150 tons/day ± %20 >10 mm.
MAGNETIC 100 tons/day ± %20
METALS SEPARATOR
MARKETING OF THE
RECYCLABLE
1st DECOMPOSITION MATERIALS
2nd DECOMPOSITION
1 260 tons/week ± %20
STORAGE FINAL CONDITIONING TO LANDFILL
>15 mm. >40 mm.
189 tons/day ± %20
PRODUCT
(15-40 mm)

FIGURE 1 - Flow chart of Istanbul Municipal Solid Waste Recycling and Composting Plant (adapted from [8]).

Salmonella sp. as a hygienic indicator was determined every 5 min for a period of 1 h. The oxygen consumption
at compost products following Salmonella Rapid Test rate (mg (O )/g (volatile solids)/h) was calculated from
2
method (Oxoid Limited, United Kingdom). The compost oxygen utilization in the test flask. This rate depends on
sample of 10 gr taken under aseptic conditions was incu- the amount of substrate availability under standard condi-
bated at 35 ºC for 18 hours in nutrient broth with celenit tions of particle size, moisture, temperature, aeration and
cystein. Then, Salmonella sp. was analyzed by Salmonella incubation. Greater substrate availability results in higher
Rapid Test method. oxygen demand indicating that the sample is biologically
unstable, i.e. the sample is continuing to degrade. Aerobic
The stability index (SI) of the compost product was
organic compost with a SI less than 1.0 mg/g/h may be
measured using the procedure by Iannotti et al. [11]. A
considered stable and 1.0-1.5 mg/g/h moderately stable.
sample of material was obtained and standardized for parti-
Aerobically unstable composts typically exhibit SI greater
cle size (<10 mm) and moisture content (35%) and incu-
than 2.0 mg/g/h [12].
bated (37 ºC) for 16 h under aerobic conditions to build
the microbial populations to an active standard level. A The heavy metal content of end products were deter-
60-g sample of the incubated material was placed in an mined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Per-
aerated respirometric flask at constant temperature in a kin Elmer, Simaa 6000) after digestion with nitric and per-
water bath (37 ºC) for 1 h. The aeration source was removed chloric acids. All analytical measurements were performed
and oxygen concentration inside the flask was monitored at least duplicate.
906
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RESULTS our study, parameters such as pH, moisture content, or-
ganic matter content, TKN and TP of compost made from
One of the earliest serious investigations of compost MSW are compared as per German Compost Quality
quality is the anonymous report from the German Waste standard (Table 1).
Association as “Quality Criteria and Application Recom-
mendations for MSW and MSW-sludge compost” [13]. In

TABLE 1 - Comparison of physical and chemical parameters of the compost
samples and end products with recommended ranges reported by LAGA [13].
Parameter A-1 A-2 Compost LAGA
pH 7.7 8.0 7.7 7-8.3
Moisture Content (%) 70 45 31.8 35-50
Organic Matter Content (%) 43 46.5 36.5 25-45
TKN (%) 2.8 4.5 1.43 0.8-1,5
TP (%) 0.33 0.48 0.77 0.4-1.0
SI (mg/g VS/ h) 0.81 0.69 0.76

The average pH values of compost product from CP compost samples from CP, A1, and A2 reactors were quite
were 7.7. Similarly, the A-1 and A-2 compost pH values low values of 0.77%, 0.33% and 0.48%, respectively. The
were 7.7 and 8.0, respectively, which values are quite simi- SI (mg O /g VS/h) refers to the aerobic biological activity
2
lar. The average moisture content of CP samples was of the compost product was determined as 0.81, 0.69, and
31.8%. The moisture content of A-2 end product was 45%. 0.76 mg O /g VS/h in A1, A2 and CP compost samples
2
But the compost moisture content in A1 reactor was de- respectively.
termined as 70%, which was the highest value due to the
Comparison of the C/N values of end products with
leachate recirculation. The organic content of A-1, A-2 and
the previous studies is shown in Table 2. In this study, the
CP compost products were 43%, 46.5% and 36.5% re-
average C:N ratio for the compost products was
spectively. The average TKN value of CP compost prod- INITIAL
calculated as 23, which is below the recommended limit of
ucts was 1.43%, but TKN of A1 and A2 compost have
25 stipulated by the USEPA (Table 2).
high values of 2.8% and 4.5%. The TP concentrations of

TABLE 2 - Comparison of C:N ratios of the compost samples and end products with recommended ranges reported by several authors.
Wilkinson Epstein, Aydın and Jimenes and A-1 A-2 Compost
et al. [22] [12] Kocasoy Garcia [19]
[20]
C/N 20-40 20-35 - 17 17 23
INITIAL
C/N - - - 7.3 5.3 12.8
FINAL
C/N /C/N - - 0.55-0.7 0.49-0.85 0.43 0.31 0.57
FINAL INITIAL

Salmonella sp. as a hygienic indicator was not found The Cu concentration in A1 and A2 end-products was
in all compost products. Phytotoxicity tests showed that 125, 110 mg/kg, respectively and this value in CP product
all the end products were in the non-toxic class (Table 3) was 321.4, which is highest Cu concentration. The other
of the relevant standards as per phytotoxicity tests carried heavy metal concentration of Zn was 397.4 mg/kg in the
out on compost and soil mixtures of 25 and 50%. In our CP, and Zn was 35.4 and 31.2 mg/kg in the A1 and A2
study, yields of cress seed were 80%, 93% and 94% for reactors, which are quite lower than that of CP end-pro-
A1, A2, CP compost products, respectively. ducts. The Pb concentrations were 100.7, 124 and 110 mg/kg
in A1, A2, CP end-products and these products contained
TABLE 3 - Toxicity classes with Cd concentration of 4.1, 4.3 and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively.
regard to plant growth percentage [13]. Ni concentrations in A1, A2 and CP were 52.6, 53.7 and
62.8 mg/kg and Cr concentrations were 291.8, 310 and
PLANT GROWTH (%) TOXICITY CLASS
81-100 NON-TOXIC 370 mg/kg, in respective order. Heavy metal concentra-
61-80 MODERATE TOXIC tions of Cu, Cd and Cr exceeded the allowable values of
41-60 TOXIC standards stipulated for compost products (Table 4).
21-40 HIGH TOXIC
0-20 VERY HIGH TOXIC
907