Fault Location on Transmission and Distribution Lines: Principles and Applications (IEEE Press)

291 Pages·2021·12.234 MB·English

by  Swagata Das, Surya Santoso, Sundaravaradan N. Ananthan

(cid:2)
FaultLocationonTransmissionandDistributionLines
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Fault Location on Transmission and Distribution
Lines
Principles and Applications
Swagata Das
Surya Santoso
Sundaravaradan N. Ananthan
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2022
©2022JohnWiley&SonsLtd
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable
athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofSwagataDas,SuryaSantoso,andSundaravaradanN.Ananthantobeidentifiedastheauthors
ofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffices
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
EditorialOffice
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproducts
visitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthat
appearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkand
specificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantability
orfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,written
salesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproduct
isreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthat
thepublisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmay
(cid:2) (cid:2)
provideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris
notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbe
suitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshould
beawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwas
writtenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitorany
othercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother
damages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Das,Swagata,author.|Santoso,Surya,author.|Ananthan,
SundaravaradanN,author.
Title:Faultlocationontransmissionanddistributionlines:principles
andapplications/SwagataDas,SuryaSantoso,Sundaravaradan
N.Ananthan.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2022.|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021030668(print)|LCCN2021030669(ebook)|ISBN
9781119121466(cloth)|ISBN9781119121473(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119121497(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Electricfaultlocation.|Powertransmission.
Classification:LCCTK3226.D31732022(print)|LCCTK3226(ebook)|DDC
621.319/2–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021030668
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021030669
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©REDPIXEL.PL/Shutterstock
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
v
Contents
Preface ix
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 PowerSystemFaults 1
1.2 WhatCausesShuntFaults? 4
1.3 AimandImportanceofFaultLocation 16
1.4 TypesofFault-LocatingAlgorithms 19
1.5 HowareFault-LocatingAlgorithmsImplemented? 21
(cid:2) 1.6 EvaluationofFault-LocatingAlgorithms 25 (cid:2)
1.7 TheBestFault-LocatingAlgorithm 26
1.8 Summary 26
2 SymmetricalComponents 27
2.1 Phasors 28
2.2 TheoryofSymmetricalComponents 29
2.3 InterconnectingSequenceNetworks 31
2.4 SequenceImpedancesofThree-PhaseLines 36
2.5 ExerciseProblems 41
2.6 Summary 46
3 FaultLocationonTransmissionLines 49
3.1 One-EndedImpedance-BasedFaultLocationAlgorithms 49
3.1.1 SimpleReactanceMethod 52
3.1.2 TakagiMethod 54
3.1.3 ModifiedTakagiMethod 56
3.1.4 CurrentDistributionFactorMethod 57
3.2 Two-EndedImpedance-BasedFaultLocationAlgorithms 58
3.2.1 SynchronizedMethod 59
3.2.2 UnsynchronizedMethod 60
3.2.3 UnsynchronizedNegative-SequenceMethod 61
3.2.4 SynchronizedLineCurrentDifferentialMethod 62
3.3 Three-EndedImpedance-BasedFaultLocationAlgorithms 62
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
vi Contents
3.3.1 SynchronizedMethod 63
3.3.2 UnsynchronizedMethod 65
3.3.3 UnsynchronizedNegative-SequenceMethod 66
3.3.4 SynchronizedLineCurrentDifferentialMethod 67
3.4 Traveling-WaveFaultLocationAlgorithms 68
3.4.1 Single-EndedTravelingWaveMethod 69
3.4.2 Double-EndedTraveling-WaveMethod 71
3.4.3 ErrorSources 71
3.5 ExerciseProblems 77
3.6 Summary 93
4 ErrorSourcesinImpedance-BasedFaultLocation 95
4.1 PowerSystemModel 95
4.2 InputDataErrors 96
4.2.1 DCOffset 97
4.2.2 CTSaturation 99
4.2.3 AgingCCVTs 101
4.2.4 Open-DeltaVTs 101
4.2.5 InaccurateLineLength 104
4.2.6 UntransposedLines 104
4.2.7 VariationinEarthResistivity 106
(cid:2) 4.2.8 Non-HomogeneousLines 107 (cid:2)
4.2.9 IncorrectFaultTypeSelection 109
4.3 ApplicationErrors 109
4.3.1 Load 109
4.3.2 Non-HomogeneousSystem 111
4.3.3 Zero-SequenceMutualCoupling 111
4.3.4 SeriesCompensation 118
4.3.5 Three-TerminalLines 119
4.3.6 RadialTap 120
4.3.7 EvolvingFaults 121
4.4 ExerciseProblems 122
4.5 Summary 126
5 FaultLocationonOverheadDistributionFeeders 129
5.1 Impedance-BasedMethods 134
5.1.1 LoopReactanceMethod 135
5.1.2 SimpleReactanceMethod 140
5.1.3 TakagiMethod 140
5.1.4 ModifiedTakagiMethod 141
5.1.5 Girgisetal.Method 141
5.1.6 Santosoetal.Method 143
5.1.7 Novoseletal.Method 144
5.2 ChallengeswithDistributionFaultLocation 146
5.2.1 Load 146
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents vii
5.2.2 Non-HomogeneousLines 146
5.2.3 InaccurateEarthResistivity 149
5.2.4 MultipleLaterals 150
5.2.5 BestDataforFaultLocation:FeederorSubstationRelays 151
5.2.6 DistributedGeneration 152
5.2.7 HighImpedanceFaults 156
5.2.8 CTSaturation 156
5.2.9 Grounding 156
5.2.10 ShortDurationFaults 157
5.2.11 MissingVoltage 157
5.3 ExerciseProblems 158
5.4 Summary 177
6 DistributionFaultLocationWithCurrentOnly 179
6.1 CurrentPhasorsOnlyMethod 179
6.2 CurrentMagnitudeOnlyMethod 184
6.3 Short-CircuitFaultCurrentProfileMethod 191
6.4 ExerciseProblems 193
6.5 Summary 208
7 SystemandOperationalBenefitsofFaultLocation 209
(cid:2) 7.1 VerifyRelayOperation 210 (cid:2)
7.2 DiscoverErroneousRelaySettings 211
7.3 DetectInstrumentTransformerInstallationErrors 217
7.4 ValidateZero-SequenceLineImpedance 222
7.5 CalculateFaultResistance 225
7.6 ProveShort-CircuitModel 226
7.7 AdaptAutoreclosinginHybridLines 227
7.8 DetecttheOccurrenceofMultipleFaults 228
7.9 IdentifyImpendingFailuresandTakeCorrectiveAction 232
7.10 ExerciseProblems 232
7.11 Summary 239
A FaultLocationSuiteinMATLAB 241
A.1 UnderstandingtheFaultLocationScript 241
References 261
Index 269
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)