Fatigue of Textile Composites

482 Pages·2015·50.725 MB·English

by  Valter Carvelli, Stepan V Lomov

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Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering: Number 53
Fatigue of Textile
Composites
Edited by
Valter Carvelli and Stepan V. Lomov
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List of contributors
Y. Abdin KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium
P. Abel Institut f€urTextiltechnik(ITA)of RWTH AachenUniversity, Aachen,
Germany
A.N. Anoshkin Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
P.Brøndsted TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,RisøCampus,Roskilde,Denmark
P.A. Carraro University ofPadova,Vicenza,Italy
V. Carvelli Politecnico diMilano,Milan,Italy
T. Gries Institut f€urTextiltechnik (ITA) of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
M. Gude Instituteof LightweightEngineering and Polymer Technology – ILK,
Dresden,Germany
A. Jain KU Leuven,Leuven, Belgium
M. Kawai University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
I. Koch Institute ofLightweightEngineering andPolymer Technology –ILK,
Dresden,Germany
C. Lauter Automotive Lightweight Design (LiA),University ofPaderborn,
Paderborn, Germany
S.V. Lomov KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
A.P. Mouritz RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
M. Quaresimin University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy
M. Ricotta University of Padova, Padova, Italy
R. Talreja TexasA&MUniversity, College Station, TX, USA
T. Troester Automotive LightweightDesign(LiA), University of Paderborn,
Paderborn, Germany
K.A.M.Vallons KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium
W. Van Paepegem GhentUniversity, Gent, Belgium
xii Listofcontributors
A.P. Vassilopoulos Ecole Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
J. Xu KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
J. Zangenberg LM Wind Power Blades, Materialsand Processes, Kolding,
Denmark
V.Yu.Zuiko Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
Woodhead Publishing Series in
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3 Handbookofpolymercompositesforengineers
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4 Optimisationofcompositestructuresdesign
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16 Fatigueincomposites
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23 Tribologyofnaturalfiberpolymercomposites
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24 Wood-polymercomposites
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30 Fatiguelifepredictionofcompositesandcompositestructures
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35 Non-crimpfabriccomposites:Manufacturing,propertiesandapplications
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38 Compositejointsandconnections
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53 Fatigueoftextilecomposites
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55 Tougheningmechanismsincompositematerials
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56 Advancesincompositesmanufacturingandprocessdesign
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Preface
Structuralcomponentsareoftenexposedtocyclicloadingthroughoutthelifetime,and
thesecyclicactionsdegradethemechanicalperformanceofthematerials.Thematerial
degradationundercyclicloadingisknownas‘fatigue’.Thefatiguedamageinitiation
and cyclic propagation may have severe consequence on the structural integrity and
mayleadtothestructuralcollapseforstressamplitudeslowerthantheactualstrength
of materials. Fatigue of materials is a well-known engineering problem, and it was
extensively and deeply investigatedformetallic materials and structures.
Nowadays, lightweight structures are mainly manufactured with composite mate-
rials based on polymers reinforced with long continuous fibres, for weight reduction
andforimprovingthemechanicalperformance.Theanisotropicmechanicalproperties
of composite materials can be designed to be higher, in relation to density, than
those of metallic structural materials, and may be tailored to the requirements of the
particular application. The inhomogeneous composite materials have architecture
reinforcementdependenceofthemechanicalproperties,whichleadstoamorecompli-
catedmaterialdescription.Asconsequence,thedamagemechanismsimpartedbycy-
clicloadingarecoupledinthedifferentmaterialdirections,andthefatiguetheoryfor
metals isinadequate.
Thehugeamountofresearchonfatigueofcompositematerialswasmainlydedi-
cated in the past decades to unidirectional laminated composites. Recently, the
peculiarfeaturesofcompositereinforcedwithtechnicaltextilesincreasedtheirappli-
cationinlightweightstructures.Moreover,thedevelopmentofautomated,computer-
controlledmachinesfortextilereinforcementsindustrialscalemanufacturingandthe
increasing machineoperation speedmakessuch preforms competitivefromthepro-
ductivity and affordability viewpoints. A huge variety of interlacement geometric
architectures for composite reinforcements, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) to
three-dimensional (3D) fabrics, are now available with excellent drapability and
versatility,whichisextremelyimportantforcomplexdouble-curvatureshapecompo-
nents.Adeepunderstandingofthefatigueenduranceoftextile-reinforcedcomposites
iscurrentlyinhighdemandfromindustryfortheirpotentialapplicationinstructural
elementssubjecttolong-termfluctuatingloads(e.g.automotive,aeronautical,marine,
energy production, etc.).
Theaimofthisbookistofocusonthisparticularaspect,thefatiguebehaviourof
textile composites, collecting together in one volume several different perspectives.
The book presents recent developments on ‘fatigue response’ looking at the various
methodologies that are currently available and at different scale levels. Experimental
xviii Preface
measurements, observations and numerical predictions for 2D and 3D textile-
reinforced composites are discussed. Particular attention is also given in the final
part on the use of textile composites in structural components, mainly those that are
of specific industrial interest.
Thebookconsistsoffourpartslinkingtheknowledgeonfatigueoftextilecompos-
ites at themicro,meso andmacro level.
Thefirstpartgathersthefundamentalprinciplesnecessaryforstudyingthefatigue
ofcomposites,whichserveasaframeworkfor(more-narrow)textilecomposites.This
partcollectsimportantconceptsoffatigueofheterogeneous,hierarchicallyorganised
compositesas opposedto ‘metal’ concepts, which are already well known in theen-
gineering community. Experimental test methods and available extensive experi-
mentaldatabases arealso covered.
PartTwopresentsthenecessarystartingpointforstudiesonthefatiguebehaviour
of fibre-reinforced materials: the behaviour of the fibres themselves and of unidirec-
tional fibre-reinforced composites. The former gives intrinsic fatigue behaviour of
the fibres, which is of paramount importance, and the latter represents impregnated
yarnsintextilecompositeswhichisanecessaryinputforanymodellingeffortsorma-
terialdesign.
Thethirdpartcollectsexperimentaldataonfatiguebehaviouroftextilecomposites
reinforcedwith2Dand3Dtextilesofbothglassandcarbonfibres.Particularattention
isdedicatedtotheloadingconditions,theenvironmenteffectsandthedamageevolu-
tionatmacroscopicandmicroscopiclevel.Theinfluenceof3Dfibrearchitectureson
the fatigue properties are also discussed and compared to 2D textile laminates. This
part includes, moreover, an up-to-date on the growing field of modelling the fatigue
behaviour of textile composites. There are already some established methods for
wovenlaminates,butmoredetailedmodelsareasubjectofmuchcontroversyanddis-
cussion.Theapproachesgiveninthesechaptersrepresentthe‘personalchoices’ofthe
Editors, butit should give a fair overview of thefield.
Thefinalpart(Four)showsanoverviewofvarioustextilecompositesapplications
where fatigue is an important design criterion. Application of textile composites in
aeronautical, automotive, wind energy and construction engineering are presented
with emphasis on fatigue life prediction and damage observation. This part of the
book brings toa mainconclusion on theimportanceofasynergetic design approach
between modelling, testing and detailed damageinspection.
The book intend to fill the gap in the published literature and to provide a ‘pivot
point’forfutureresearch,whichiscurrentlymuchindemandduetotheadvancement
and use oftextile composites inindustrial structuralapplications.
V.Carvelli
Politecnico diMilano,Milan,Italy
S.V. Lomov
KULeuven,Leuven,Belgium