Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics, Volume 37:

703 Pages·2011·17.55 MB·English

by  Kalluri

Journal of ASTM International
Selected Technical Papers STP 1526
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics:
37th Volume
JAI Guest Editors:
Sreeramesh Kalluri
MichaelA. McGaw
Andrzej Neimitz
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Overview
Thisspecialtechnicalpublication(STP1526)isacompilationofpaperspre-
sented by several authors at the Ninth InternationalASTM/ESIS Sympo-
siumonFatigueandFractureMechanics(37thNationalSymposiumonFa-
tigue and Fracture Mechanics) and published in the Journal of ASTM
International(JAI)aftersuccessfulpeerreviews.TheInternationalSympo-
siumwasjointlysponsoredbyASTMCommitteeE08onFatigueandFrac-
ture and the European Structural Integrity Society. The Symposium was
held during May 20–22, 2009 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in
conjunction with the May 18–19, 2009 standards development meetings of
ASTMCommitteeE08.
The opening Jerold L. Swedlow memorial lecture was delivered at the
SymposiumbyProfessorDr.-Ing.Karl-HeinzSchwalbeonanalyticalmodels
forfatiguecrackpropagationandfracture.Thesymposiumfocusedonthree
major tracks of fatigue and fracture of structures and materials under 1)
thermomechanicalconditions,2)multiaxialloadingconditions,and3)appli-
cationofcohesivezonemodelstofractureproblems.Inaddition,severalpa-
pers were presented at the Symposium in the traditional areas of fatigue
behavior, fracture mechanics and mechanisms, fatigue crack propagation,
andeffectsofresidualstressesonfatigueandfracture.
In the last decade, physics- and mechanics-based approaches gained
prominence in assessing fatigue and fracture related design lives of struc-
turesusedinaerospace,surfacetransportation,powergeneration,biomedi-
cal,andpetroleumindustries.Advancedstructuresintheseindustriesuti-
lize specially engineered materials with heterogeneous properties (for
example,materialswithcoatingsasthermalbarriersortoresistwearand
corrosion)thatservemultiplepurposesandrequireapplicationofmechan-
icsatbothmicro-andmacro-scalestoestimatethedamagesassociatedwith
fatigue and fracture. In particular, estimating the remaining lives of such
structures under prototypical loading conditions poses significant chal-
lenges during the operation of those structures. Complexities associated
withthechallengesincreasesignificantlywhentheadvancedstructuresare
subjected to loads in multiple directions and nonisothermal loading condi-
tions. Papers presented at the Symposium and compiled in this STP(after
publicationinJAI)addresssomeofthesechallengingareas.
Atotal of 33 papers, including the Jerold L. Swedlow memorial lecture
paper,arecompiledinthisSTP.Theremaining32papersaregroupedinto
thefollowingcategories:1)elastic—plasticfracturemechanicsandfracture
mechanisms, 2) fatigue behavior and life estimation, 3) fatigue crack
growth, 4) multiaxial fatigue and fracture, 5) residual stress effects on fa-
tigue and fracture, 6) fatigue and fracture under thermomechanical condi-
tions,and7)applicationoffracturemechanicsandcohesivezonemodels.It
is our sincere hope that papers compiled in this STP advance the state-of-
ix
the-artinanalyticalmethodsandtestingtechniquesforfatigueandfracture
mechanics.Inaddition,someofthepapersdocumentedinthisSTPareex-
pectedtopromotethedevelopmentoffatigueandfracturerelatedstandards
withinASTMCommitteeE08.
Wewouldliketothankalltheauthorsfortheirvaluablecontributionsto
the STP and all the reviewers for their thorough reviews, which substan-
tiallyimprovedthequalityofpublishedpapers.WearegratefultoMs.Dor-
othy Fitzpatrick and Ms. Hannah Sparks atASTM International for their
meticulous organization of the Symposium, Ms. Susan Reilly atASTM In-
ternationalforherhelpwiththeSTP,andMs.LindaBonielloattheAmeri-
canInstituteofPhysics(AIP)forherexcellentcoordinationofpeerreviews
forallthepapersandpublicationofthemanuscriptsinJAI.
Dr.SreerameshKalluri
OhioAerospaceInstitute
NASAGlennResearchCenter
BrookPark,Ohio,USA
SymposiumCo-ChairmanandJAIGuestEditor
Dr.MichaelA.McGaw
McGawTechnology,Inc.
FairviewPark,Ohio,USA
SymposiumCo-ChairmanandJAIGuestEditor
Prof.AndrzejNeimitz
KielceUniversityofTechnology
Kielce,Poland
SymposiumCo-ChairmanandJAIGuestEditor
x
Contents
........................................................................
Overview ix
TheJeroldL.SwedlowMemorialLecture
OntheBeautyofAnalyticalModelsforFatigueCrackPropagationandFracture—A
PersonalHistoricalReview
.......................................................
K.-H.Schwalbe 3
Elastic-PlasticFractureMechanicsandFractureMechanisms
InvestigationofTransitionFractureToughnessVariationwithintheThicknessof
ReactorPressureVesselForgings
.......................
E.Lucon,A.Leenaers,W.Vandermeulen,andM.Scibetta 77
MoreAccurateApproximationofJ-IntegralEquationforEvaluatingFractureResistance
Curves
...............................................
X.-K.ZhuandJ.A.Joyce 90
ApplicationofAdvancedMasterCurveApproachestotheEUROFractureToughness
DataSet
................................................
E.LuconandM.Scibetta 116
RevisitofASTMRound-RobinTestDataforDeterminingRCurvesofThin-Sheet
Materials
.................................................
X.-K.ZhuandB.N.Leis 130
TheAnalysisofFractureMechanismsofFerriticSteel13HMFatLowTemperatures
.............................................
A.NeimitzandJ.Galkiewicz 159
AWeibullStressModeltoPredictEffectsofWeldStrengthMismatchonCleavage
FractureToughness
...........................................................
C.Ruggieri 178
FatigueBehaviorandLifeEstimation
FatigueInitiationModelingof316LNSteelBasedonNonlocalPlasticityTheory
.......................................
J.Schwartz,O.Fandeur,andC.Rey 197
MechanicalConditioningofSuperelasticNitinolWireforImprovedFatigue
Resistance
.........................................................
J.E.Schaffer 217
Creep-FatigueRelationshipsinElectroactivePolymerSystemsandPredictedEffectsin
anActuatorDesign
...............................
A.M.Vinogradov,C.M.Ihlefeld,andI.Henslee 227
EffectsofMicrostructureontheIncipientFatigueandFrettingCrackProcessesin
Al-Cu-LiAlloys
..........................
J.Delacroix,J.-Y.Buffiere,S.Fouvry,andA.Danielou 241
DevelopmentofaSliding-RollingContactFatigueTester
........................................
G.Dvorak,M.Zahui,andB.Mitton 254
FatigueCrackGrowth
DeterminationofΔK byCompressionPre-CrackinginaStructuralSteel
th ....................................
M.Carboni,L.Patriarca,andD.Regazzi 279
Crack-ClosureBehaviorof7050AluminumAlloynearThresholdConditionsforWide
RangeinLoadRatiosandConstantK Tests
max .............................
J.C.Newman,Jr.,Y.Yamada,andJ.A.Newman 297
DefinitionoftheInfluenceofPoreSizeontheFatigueLimitUsingShortCrack
PropagationExperiments
................................
C.Oberwinkler,H.Leitner,andW.Eichlseder 320
FatigueCrackPropagationBehaviorofanInertiaFrictionWelded(cid:2)/(cid:3)Titanium
Alloy
.....................
Y.Pardhi,C.Dungey,G.Baxter,P.Bowen,andT.P.Halford 336
FatigueCrackPropagationinSAWSeamWeldsofAPI5LX42SteelPipeintheRadial
ShortDirection
........
D.AngelesHerrera,J.L.GonzálezVelázquez,andA.deJ.MoralesRamírez 355
MultiaxialFatigueandFracture
FatiguefromanInducedDefect:ExperimentsandApplicationofDifferentMultiaxial
FatigueApproaches
................................................
G.LeopoldandY.Nadot 371
EffectofCladdingonBiaxiallyLoadedUndercladPart-ThroughCracks
......................................
M.Scibetta,E.Lucon,andT.Houben 394
AnAssessmentofCumulativeAxialandTorsionalFatigueinaCobalt-Base
Superalloy
.............................................
S.KalluriandP.J.Bonacuse 421
ANonLocalMultiaxialFatigueApproachtoAccountforStressGradientEffectApplied
toCrackInitiationinFretting
...........................
R.Amargier,S.Fouvry,C.Poupon,andL.Chambon 441
ExperimentalandNumericalAnalysesofFatigueBehaviorofWeldedCruciform
Joints
............................
C.Erny,D.Thévenet,J.Y.Cognard,andM.Korner 466
ResidualStressEffectsonFatigueandFracture
ImportanceofResidualStressesandSurfaceRoughnessregardingFatigueof
TitaniumForgings
................................
B.Oberwinkler,M.Riedler,andW.Eichlseder 489
FatigueAssessmentofBrazedT-JointsBasedonDamageToleranceIncluding
ResidualStressEffects
.........................................
H.-J.SchindlerandC.Leinenbach 504
ResidualStrainEffectsonBridgingStressofCrackedandDelaminatedFiberMetal
Laminates
..............................................
J.T.WangandS.W.Smith 520
Elastic-PlasticStressAnalysisofCold-WorkedPin-LoadedHoles
...........................
S.Ismonov,S.R.Daniewicz,andJ.C.Newman,Jr. 553
TheInfluenceofElasticFollow-UpontheIntegrityofStructures
...........................................
S.Hadidi-MoudandD.J.Smith 570
FatigueandFractureUnderThermomechanicalConditions
LifetimeCalculationofThermo-MechanicallyLoadedMaterials„Al,Cu,Ni,andFe
Alloys…BasedonEmpiricalMethods
....................................
H.Koeberl,G.Winter,andW.Eichlseder 589
Mesh-FreeSolutionofTwo-DimensionalEdgeCrackProblemsunderThermo-
MechanicalLoad
.............
M.Pant,I.V.Singh,B.K.Mishra,V.Bhasin,K.Sharma,andI.A.Khan 604
TemperatureCalibrationTechniquesforTMFTesting
.................................
D.C.Dudzinski,W.Beres,andR.K.Kersey 620
ApplicationofFractureMechanicsandCohesiveZoneModels
FatigueCrackGrowthSimulationinComponentswithRandomDefects
.............................................
M.ShiraniandG.Härkegård 631
CohesiveZoneModelingofInitiationandPropagationofMultipleCracksinHardThin
SurfaceCoatings
........................
A.Laukkanen,K.Homberg,H.Ronkainen,andK.Wallin 646
ModelingofCrackPropagationinWeldBeam-to-ColumnConnectionsSubmittedto
CyclicLoadingwithaCohesiveZoneModel
......................
C.Lequesne,A.Plumier,L.Duchêne,andA.M.Habraken 675
.....................................................................
AuthorIndex 697
....................................................................
SubjectIndex 699
THE JEROLD L. SWEDLOW
MEMORIAL LECTURE
ReprintedfromJAI,Vol.7,No.8
doi:10.1520/JAI102713
Availableonlineatwww.astm.org/JAI
Karl-Heinz Schwalbe1
On the Beauty of Analytical Models for
Fatigue Crack Propagation and Fracture—A
Personal Historical Review
ABSTRACT: Starting from James Rice’s classical work on cyclic plastic
stresses and deformations in the plastic zone of a Mode III loaded crack, it
willbeshownthatthecracktipopeningdisplacementofaModeIcrackina
work hardening material can be written in analytical form. This result was
thenusedtoformulatethebluntinglineforJ-integraltestingandtoestimate
the fatigue crack propagation rate of a number of materials. In a similar
manner—based on the strain distribution within the plastic zone of a work
hardeningmaterial—theinitiationofcrackextensionunderstaticloadingwas
estimated. The stress distribution ahead of a crack and the Ritchie, Knott.
and Rice model were applied to the ductile-to-brittle transition of ferritic
steels as well as the transition temperature shift due to neutron irradiation.
InspiredbyFongShih’scontributiontotheElectricPowerResearchInstitute
Handbook, a simple but straightforward method for expressing the (cid:2) crack
5
openingdisplacementasacrackdrivingforceforfullyplasticconditionswas
developed, finally ending up in a comprehensive assessment method for
crackedcomponents.Theapplicationtomismatchedweldedjointswasdem-
onstratedtobepossibleiftheyieldloadformismatchisavailable;thislatter
taskwasperformedusingbothsliplinetheoryandfiniteelement(cid:2)FE(cid:3)analy-
ses.Applicationexamplesofthesemodelswillbeshown,anditwillbeseen
thatestimatesusingthesemodelsareinreasonableagreementwithexperi-
mental results and FE analyses. Several elements of these models have
madetheirwaytointernationalcodesandstandards.
Manuscript received September 2, 2009; accepted for publication June 21, 2010; pub-
lishedonlineAugust2010.
1Consultant,TechnischeUniversitätHamburg-Harburg;Ruhr-UniversitätBochum;and
Anemonenweg32,21360Vögelsen(cid:2)Lüneburg(cid:3),Germany.
Cite as: Schwalbe, K.-H., ‘‘On the Beauty of Analytical Models for Fatigue Crack
Propagation and Fracture—A Personal Historical Review,’’ J. ASTM Intl., Vol. 7, No. 8.
doi:10.1520/JAI102713.
Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.
3
4 JAI•STP1526ONFATIGUEANDFRACTUREMECHANICS
KEYWORDS: fatigue crack propagation, crack tip blunting, structural
assessment, ductile-to-brittle transition, crack opening displacement,
ductiletearing
Nomenclature
Roman Symbols
a (cid:3) crack size
B (cid:3) thickness of test piece or component
d (cid:3) distance between inclusions
dN (cid:3) factor quantifying the effect of strain hardening on crack tip
opening displacement; see Eq 31
E (cid:3) Young’s modulus
F (cid:3) force
J (cid:3) J-integral
K (cid:3) stress intensity factor
Kc (cid:3) fracture toughness in terms of stress intensity factor
Ki (cid:3) stress intensity factor at initiation of ductile tearing
Kmax (cid:3) maximum stress intensity facture during cyclic loading
(cid:4)Kth (cid:3) threshold value of cyclic stress intensity factor
M (cid:3) mismatch factor; see Eq 58
N (cid:3) number of load cycles
N (cid:3) strain hardening exponent as defined in Eq 4
n (cid:3) strain hardening exponent used in the Ramberg-Osgood
formulation of a stress-strain curve
r (cid:3) radius from crack tip to point under consideration
R (cid:3) stress ratio under cyclic loading
R (cid:3) radius as defined in Figs. 2 and 3
Rm (cid:3) fracture strength
Rp0.2 (cid:3) yield strength defined at 0.2% plastic strain
s (cid:3) load point displacement
u (cid:3) crack displacement in x direction
W (cid:3) width of test piece
Greek Symbols
(cid:5)(cid:3) shear strain
(cid:2)(cid:3) crack tip opening displacement
(cid:2)45 (cid:3) crack tip opening displacement defined in Fig. 1(cid:2)c(cid:3)
(cid:2)x (cid:3) crack tip advance displacement defined in Fig. 1(cid:2)a(cid:3)
(cid:2)5 (cid:3) crack tip opening displacement defined in Fig. 28