Extreme States of Matter in Strong Interaction Physics: An Introduction PDF
Preview Extreme States of Matter in Strong Interaction Physics: An Introduction
Lecture Notes in Physics 945 Helmut Satz Extreme States of Matter in Strong Interaction Physics An Introduction Second Edition Lecture Notes in Physics Volume 945 FoundingEditors W.Beiglböck J.Ehlers K.Hepp H.Weidenmüller EditorialBoard M.Bartelmann,Heidelberg,Germany P.Hänggi,Augsburg,Germany M.Hjorth-Jensen,Oslo,Norway R.A.L.Jones,Sheffield,UK M.Lewenstein,Barcelona,Spain H.vonLöhneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany A.Rubio,Hamburg,Germany M.Salmhofer,Heidelberg,Germany W.Schleich,Ulm,Germany S.Theisen,Potsdam,Germany D.Vollhardt,Augsburg,Germany J.D.Wells,AnnArbor,USA G.P.Zank,Huntsville,USA The Lecture Notes in Physics The series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new developmentsin physics research and teaching-quickly and informally, but with a highqualityandtheexplicitaimtosummarizeandcommunicatecurrentknowledge in an accessible way. Books published in this series are conceived as bridging materialbetweenadvancedgraduatetextbooksandtheforefrontofresearchandto servethreepurposes: (cid:129) to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic (cid:129) to serve as an accessible introduction to the field to postgraduate students and nonspecialistresearchersfromrelatedareas (cid:129) to be a source of advanced teaching material for specialized seminars, courses andschools Bothmonographsandmulti-authorvolumeswillbeconsideredforpublication. Editedvolumesshould,however,consistofaverylimitednumberofcontributions only.ProceedingswillnotbeconsideredforLNP. Volumes published in LNP are disseminated both in print and in electronic formats,the electronic archive being available at springerlink.com. The series contentisindexed,abstractedandreferencedbymanyabstractingandinformation services, bibliographic networks, subscription agencies, library networks, and consortia. Proposals should be sent to a member of the Editorial Board, or directly to the managingeditoratSpringer: ChristianCaron SpringerHeidelberg PhysicsEditorialDepartmentI Tiergartenstrasse17 69121Heidelberg/Germany [email protected] Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5304 Helmut Satz Extreme States of Matter in Strong Interaction Physics An Introduction Second Edition 123 HelmutSatz UniversitätBielefeldFakultätfürPhysik Bielefeld,Germany ISSN0075-8450 ISSN1616-6361 (electronic) LectureNotesinPhysics ISBN978-3-319-71893-4 ISBN978-3-319-71894-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71894-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017962299 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2012,2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland FürKarin Preface It was quite naturally a pleasure for me that the resonance of this little book was sufficient to have the publishers propose a second edition. The past 5 years have indeed brought considerable progress both in phenomenology and in experiment, although there still remain some quite fundamental unsolved issues. Nevertheless, theadvancesoftherecentyearscertainlymeritanappropriateupdate. Besidesminorupdatesthroughout,themainmodificationsconcern – Thecalibrationofquarkoniumproductioninnuclearcollisions – Therelationbetweenstrangenesssuppressionanddeconfinement – Thesearchforcriticalbehaviorinmultihadronproductionmoments These led to significant revisions of Chaps.10 and 11. In addition, I have added a new Chap.13 on fluids and flow. The role of a hydrodynamic evolution of the mediumproducedinhigh-energycollisionshasbecomemoreandmorepronounced over the years, and so such a chapter seems relevant. There is, of course, a certaindangerinvolvedinthis:combining(local)equilibriumthermodynamicswith hydrodynamicsintroducesevermoremodeldependenceandhencetendstoweaken the direct relation between nuclear collision data and statistical QCD. It is to be hopedthatfuturetheoreticalworkcanaccommodatethisproblem. ThanksgooncemoretoD.Millerforhelpfulcomments.Furthermore,Iamvery happythatR.Baier,P.Huovinen,andR.Vogthavelookedoverthenewchapterand corrected quite a number of misleading formulations. Whatever remains wrong is certainlymydoing. Bielefeld,Germany HelmutSatz August2017 vii Preface to the First Edition Over the past 50 years, the thermodynamics of strongly interacting matter has become a profound and challenging area of modern physics, both in theory and in experiment. Statistical quantum chromodynamics (QCD), through analytical as well as numerical studies, provides the main theoretical tool; in experiment, high- energy nuclear collisions are the key for extensive laboratory investigations. The fieldisthereforeanareaofoverlapbetweenstatistical,particle,andnuclearphysics, conceptuallyandinthemethodsofinvestigationused. Many young people today are starting their scientific research in this field, and so there is a need for a general introduction, emphasizing in particular the basic concepts and ideas. That is the aim of this book, to explain why we are doing whatwearedoing.Itisnotmeanttocompetewithseveralrecenttextbooks,which shouldbeconsultedtoobtainthetechnicaltoolsofthetrade.Iwanttoconcentrate here more on the development of the underlying ideas, which I think have given the field a very unique flavor. Moreover, I will concentrate mainly on equilibrium thermodynamics.Nuclearcollisionscertainlyinvolvenon-equilibriumaspects,from thermalizationtohydrodynamicflow.Butbeforewecanunderstandthese,wewill havetounderstandthestrikingnewfeaturesalreadypresentinequilibrium. Thegeneralplanofthebookisthefollowing.Wefirstintroducethefundamental ideasofstronginteractionthermodynamics(Chap.1)andthensummarizethemain conceptsandmethodsusedinthestudyofcomplexsystems(Chap.2).Afterthese general preliminaries, we present some models, i.e., simplified phenomenological pictures,leadingtocriticalbehaviorinhadronicmatterandtohadron-quarkphase transitions (Chaps.3 and 4). Given such a conceptual basis, we can then turn to finite temperature lattice QCD and to the results obtained in computer simulation studies of the lattice formulation (Chap.5). Complementary to this, we clarify the relationoftheresultingcriticalbehaviortosymmetrybreaking/restorationinQCD (Chap.6). In Chap.7, an extension of our considerations to strongly interacting matter at finite baryon density provides the basis for the study of the QCD phase diagram. Following this, we investigate in some detail the main features of a new stateofmatter,thequark-gluonplasma(Chap.8).Thiscompletesourpresentation ofbulkequilibriumthermodynamics,althoughquiteafewveryinterestingaspects ix x PrefacetotheFirstEdition have not been dealt with in much detail; in particular, the regime of large baryon density has only been considered quite briefly. But this simply reflects the present stateofourknowledgeinthatarea. Followingthismoregeneralpartofthebook,weturntosomespecificfeatures which arise when nuclear collisions are considered as a tool for the experimental study of QCD thermodynamics. In Chap.9, we introduce the conceptual basis for this endeavor; following this, we briefly survey the main probes proposed to investigatethepropertiesofthemediumproducedinsuchcollisions.Finally,thelast twochaptersdealwithhadronproductioninhigh-energycollisions–atopicwhich, more than 50 years ago, started the intimate relation between strong interaction physicsandthermodynamics. Since our field is so multifaceted, I thought it would be helpful to keep the differentchaptersself-containedasmuchaspossible,sothatareadercouldturnto agiventopicwithouthavingtoreadindetailallpreviouschapters.Thisnecessarily impliessomerepetition,forwhichIhopeforindulgence. Thisbookisbasedonthreesetsofcomprehensivelectures,heldattheUniversity of Bielefeld in 1995/1996, at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) in Lisbon in 2002/2003,andagainatBielefeldin2010/2011.Inaddition,ithasbenefittedmuch from extensive lectures at a number of schools, organized by CCAST, CERN, Dubna, Frascati, VECC, and others. The course of the years, I think, had a very healthyinfluenceinplacingthingsintosomeperspective.Letusseewhatthenext years will bring. In the meantime, I hope that what is presented here may help in showingfutureyoungresearchersthatoursisafieldwithmuchpromise,withinand beyonditstopicalfrontiers. Aconsiderablepartofthebookwaswrittenandeditedduringtwolongstaysat theISTinLisbon,madepossiblebyagrantoftheCalousteGulbenkianFoundation. IwanttotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysinceregratitudetoJorgeDiasdeDeus and João Seixas for their kind hospitality there and to the Gulbenkian Foundation fortheirgeneroussupport. Next, it is my great pleasure to thank my colleagues for all the help I have received over the years in my attempts to understand this fascinating chapter of physics. My gratitude goes first and foremost to my long-time fellow searchers (whoseconclusionsmayandoftendo,ofcourse,differfrommine).Onthetheory side, I thank Rolf Baier, Jürgen Engels, Rajiv Gavai, Sourendu Gupta, Keijo Kajantie,FrithjofKarsch,DimaKharzeev,EdwinLaermann,TetsuoMatsui,Larry McLerran,DavidMiller,KrzysztofRedlich,VesaRuuskanen,EskoSuhonen,Bob Thews,RamonaVogt,andXin-NianWang;morerecently,crucialhelpcamefrom Paolo CastorinaandOlafKaczmarek. Ontheexperimental side,Francesco Becat- tini, Peter Braun-Munzinger, Louis Kluberg, Carlos Lourenço, Jürgen Schukraft, Johanna Stachel, and Reinhard Stock have been essential in my search for under- standing, and they have moreover made sure that the experimental consequences ofwhatevertheoretical“Hirngespinst”wereneverignoredorforgotten.Thislistof namesisnecessarilyincomplete,andIwanttoexpressmygratitudealsotoallthe otherswhohavehelpedmesomuch. PrefacetotheFirstEdition xi Furthermore,sincerethanksgotoFrithjofKarsch,DavidMiller,andKrzysztof Redlich, for a careful reading of parts of the draft, and especially to Carlos Lourenço, who read and corrected the entire manuscript with great care. This has certainly helped much in eliminating many wrong and ambiguous formulations; whatremainsfaultyisobviouslymyresponsibility. Someone once said that being a “normal” person married to a physicist is like being deaf and married to a musician. I dedicate this book to my wife for bearing withmeduringallthoseendlesshoursofunheardmusic. Bielefeld,Germany HelmutSatz June2011
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