Extending the Life of Reservoirs: Sustainable Sediment Management for RoR Hydropower and Dams (Directions in Development - Energy and Mining): ... for Run-Of-River Hydropower and Dams

191 Pages·2016·9.469 MB·English

by  Pravin Karki (editor)

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Extending the Life of Reservoirs

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Energy and Mining
Extending the Life of Reservoirs
Sustainable Sediment Management for Dams
and Run-of-River Hydropower
George W. Annandale, Gregory L. Morris, and Pravin Karki
© 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]; Internet: www.worldbank.org
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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Annandale, George W., Gregory L. Morris, and Pravin Karki. 2016.
Extending the Life of Reservoirs: Sustainable Sediment Management for Dams and Run-of-River Hydropower.
Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8. License:
Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO
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All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group,
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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0838-8
ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0837-1
DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8
Cover photo: © Gregory L. Morris. Used with permission. Further permission required for reuse.
Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested
Extending the Life of Reservoirs • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8
Contents
Foreword xiii
About the Authors xv
Abbreviations xvii
Chapter 1 Purpose and Application of This Book 1
Pravin Karki
Introduction 1
The World Bank’s Role in Sustainable Infrastructure
Activities 2
The Importance of Sediment Management for Ensuring the
Sustainability of Reservoir and Run-of-River Projects 2
Solutions and Recommendations for Successful
Sediment Management 3
Purpose, Uses, and Organization of This Book 4
Notes 5
References 5
Chapter 2 Climate Change, Sediment Management, and
Sustainable Development 7
George W. Annandale
Introduction 7
The Dual Nature of Reservoir Storage 9
Shifting Paradigms 10
Economic Analysis and Sustainable Development 15
Summary 20
Notes 20
References 20
Chapter 3 Overview of Sedimentation Issues 23
George W. Annandale
Introduction 23
The Importance of Storage 23
Extending the Life of Reservoirs • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8   v
vi Contents
Sedimentation Impacts Upstream of a Dam 26
Sedimentation Impacts Downstream of a Dam 34
Importance of Sediment Management 36
Severity of Storage Loss to Sedimentation 40
Sedimentation and Climate Change 41
Notes 42
References 43
Chapter 4 Sediment Yield 45
George W. Annandale
Introduction 45
Global Sediment Yield: Spatial Variability 45
Sediment Sources 48
Measuring Sediment Yield 53
Sediment Yield Estimation 56
Note 58
References 58
Chapter 5 Patterns of Sediment Transport and Deposition 61
George W. Annandale
Introduction 61
Sediment Transport in Reservoirs 61
Trap Efficiency 62
Spatial Distribution of Deposited Sediment 63
Empirical Techniques 67
Computer Simulation 73
Particle Size Distributions of Deposited Sediment 73
Temporal Aspects of Sediment Deposition 74
Note 75
References 75
Chapter 6 Sediment Monitoring 77
Gregory L. Morris
Introduction 77
Sampling for Suspended Sediment Load 78
Sediment Rating Curves 82
Bed Material Load 88
Bathymetric Mapping of Sedimentation 89
Sediment Bulk Density 93
Sediment Sampling of Grain Size Distribution 95
Summary 97
References 97
Extending the Life of Reservoirs • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Sediment Management Techniques 99
Gregory L. Morris
Introduction 99
Reducing Upstream Sediment Yield 99
Sediment Routing 105
Redistributing or Removing Sediment Deposits 112
Management Options and Reservoir Capacity 118
Adaptive Strategies 120
Sediment Modeling Approaches 121
References 125
Chapter 8 Sediment Management at Run-of-River Headworks 127
Gregory L. Morris
Introduction 127
Configurations of ROR Hydropower Plants and
Objectives of Headworks Design 128
Fluvial Morphology and Site Selection 130
Types of Intakes 133
Sediment Management at Headworks 135
Removal of Sand from Diverted Water 138
Monitoring and Sediment-Guided Operation 143
Notes 147
References 147
Chapter 9 Reservoir Sustainability Best Practices Guidance 149
Gregory L. Morris
Introduction 149
Sustainable Reservoirs and Hydropower 150
Limitations of Sediment Management 153
Planning and Design Considerations 155
Monitoring Sediment Management Performance 159
End-of-Life Scenarios 160
Note 161
References 161
Appendix A Checklist for Sediment Management 163
Sediment Yield 163
Sedimentation Patterns and Impacts 165
Sustainable Sediment Management Measures 167
Development Paradigm 168
Extending the Life of Reservoirs • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8
viii Contents
Boxes
2.1 Sediment Management in the Dasu Hydropower Project,
Pakistan 10
2.2 A Note on Terminology 13
2.3 Tarbela Dam, Pakistan 16
Figures
2.1 Active Storage Features of Run-of-River and Storage Reservoirs 8
2.2 Design Life Approach to Infrastructure Design 12
2.3 The Life-Cycle Management Approach 14
2.4 Standard Approach to Economic Analysis of Dams and
Reservoirs, PD Soedirman Reservoir, Indonesia 15
2.5 Life-Cycle Approach Reflecting Sediment Management
Investments 19
3.1 Relationship between Yield and Hydrologic Variability at
99 Percent Reliability 25
3.2 Storage Loss in Active and Dead Storage Zones Due to
Reservoir Sedimentation 26
3.3 Changes in Water Use Efficiency Relative to Sedimentation in
the Active Storage of a Reservoir over Four Decades 28
3.4 Changes in Water Use Efficiency Relative to Sedimentation in
the Active Storages of Reservoirs 28
3.5 Relationship between Dimensionless Yield and Dimensionless
Reservoir Storage for Varying Hydrologic Variability 31
3.6 Positive Effect on Water Supply of Reservoir Sediment
Management 32
3.7 Increased Flood Elevations Caused by Sediment Deposition 33
3.8 Erosion and Degradation of Downstream Rivers Due to
“Sediment Hungry” Water 34
3.9 Relationship between Annual Average Flood Control Benefit
and Flood Control Storage for Three Gorges Dam, China 36
3.10 Cumulative Yield as a Function of Unit Cost for All Potential
Dam and Reservoir Sites in Kenya 37
3.11 Adverse Effect of Developing Dams and Their Reservoirs in a
Nonsustainable Manner 38
3.12 Long-Term Reduction in Reservoir Storage Space from
Reservoir Sedimentation 39
3.13 The Effect of Successful Reservoir Sediment Management 40
3.14 Global Population Growth and Reservoir Storage Volume 41
3.15 Net Global Reservoir Storage Volume, Accounting for Storage
Loss from Reservoir Sedimentation 42
4.1 Specific Sediment Yield as a Function of Effective Precipitation
and Terrain and as a Function of Mean Annual Precipitation
and Geology 49
Extending the Life of Reservoirs • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0838-8