Table Of Content

Exploring Sentencing Practice in England and Wales Also by Julian V. Roberts POPULAR PUNISHMENT: The Normative Significance of Public Opinion for Sentencing Theory and Practice (2014, co-editor ) SENTENCING GUIDELINES: Exploring the English Model (2013, c o-editor ) SENTENCING FOR MURDER: Exploring the Mandatory Sentence of Life Imprisonment for Murder (2012, c o-author ) PRINCIPLES AND VALUES IN CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (2012, co-editor ) MITIGATION AND AGGRAVATION AT SENTENCING (2011, editor ) THE ROLE OF PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS AT SENTENCING: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives (2010, c o-editor ) HEARING THE VICTIM: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims, and the State (2010, co-editor ) PRINCIPLED SENTENCING (THIRD EDITION) (2009, c o-editor ) PUNISHING PERSISTENT OFFENDERS: Community and Offender Perspectives on the Recidivist Sentencing Premium (2008, author ) UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE (2005, co-author ) THE VIRTUAL PRISON: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment (2004, a uthor ) PENAL POPULISM AND PUBLIC OPINION (2003, co-author ) RESTORATIVE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (2003, c o-editor ) CHANGING ATTITUDES TO PUNISHMENT: Public Opinion, Crime and Justice (2002, co-editor ) MAKING SENSE OF SENTENCING (1999) (c o-editor ) PUBLIC OPINION, CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (1997, c o-author ) CONFRONTING SEXUAL ASSAULT (1994, c o-editor ) EVALUATING JUSTICE (1993, co-editor ) Exploring Sentencing Practice in England and Wales Edited by Julian V. Roberts University of Oxford Editorial matter and selection © Julian V. Roberts 2015 Chapters © Contributors 2015 Foreword © Paul Wiles 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: 978–1–137–39039–4 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents List of Figures v ii List of Tables i x Foreword xi Paul Wiles Acknowledgements xiv Notes on Contributors x v 1 Empirical Sentencing Research: Options and Opportunities 1 J ulian V. Roberts and Mike Hough 2 U sing Court Records for Sentencing Research: Pitfalls and Possibilities 1 8 M andeep Dhami and Ian Belton 3 S entencing Practices and Trends: 1999–2013 3 5 J ulian V. Roberts and Keir Irwin-Rogers 4 E xploring Public Knowledge of Sentencing Practices 6 1 M artina Feilzer 5 D efining and Measuring Consistency in Sentencing 7 6 J ose Pina-Sánchez 6 S entencing Women: An Analysis of Recent Trends 9 3 C arol Hedderman and Rebecca Barnes 7 W omen and Sentencing: Challenges and Choices 118 L oraine Gelsthorpe and Gillian Sharpe 8 S entencing and Dependents: Motherhood as Mitigation 137 S hona Minson 9 P aying for the Past: The Role of Previous Convictions at Sentencing in the Crown Court 1 54 J ulian V. Roberts and Jose Pina-Sánchez 10 P enitence and Persistence: How Should Sentencing Factors Interact? 173 H annah Maslen v vi Contents 11 E xploring the Impact of Sentencing Factors on Sentencing Domestic Burglary 1 94 K eir Irwin-Rogers and Thomas W. Perry 12 M ore Than One Crime: Sentencing the Multiple Conviction Offender 2 21 Natalia Vibla 13 S entencing for Murder: Drawing Lessons from Research 235 B arry Mitchell and Julian V. Roberts 14 S entencing Young Offenders 2 51 M ax Lowenstein Index 263 List of Figures 3.1 T rends in all disposals, all courts, 1999–2013 38 3.2 T rends in cases sentenced, magistrates’ courts, 1999–2013 38 3.3 T rends in cases sentenced, Crown Court, 1999–2013 39 3.4 R ates of all disposals, all courts, 2013 39 3.5 R ates of all disposals, magistrates’ courts, 2013 43 3.6 R ates of all disposals, Crown Court, 2013 43 3.7 T rends in custody, suspended sentence orders and community sentences, all courts, 1999–2013 44 3.8 T rends in immediate custody, all offences, magistrates’ courts and Crown Court, 1999–2013 47 3.9 T rends in community sentence orders, magistrates’ courts and Crown Court, 1999–2013 48 3.10 T rend in fines, magistrates’ courts, 1999–2013 48 3.11 T rends in suspended sentence orders, magistrates’ courts and Crown Court, 1999–2013 54 4.1 T rends in levels of punitiveness 71 5.1 C ustody rates for assault offences by court 84 5.2 T op ten courts with highest and lowest probabilities of custody for common assault before and after the new guideline came into force 85 5.3 B etween court variability in the probability of custody before and after the new guideline came into force 86 5.4 V ariability in the probability of custody, considering aggravating and mitigating factors, before and after the new guideline came into force 88 8.1 P otential influences upon judicial decision making when sentencing a mother with dependent children 143 9.1 T heoretical models for the use of previous convictions at sentencing 1 58 9.2 T heoretical projections and empirical trends: effects of number of previous convictions on probability of custody 166 9.3 E ffect of previous convictions on probability of custody controlling for other factors 167 vii viii List of Figures 10.1 R elationship between number of previous convictions and the probability of custody for an assault offence, by remorse 1 87 11.1 S entence severity by mitigating factor 202 11.2 S entence severity by aggravating factor 206 11.3 Sentence severity by number of previous convictions 209 List of Tables 1.1 Empirical and recommended sentence reductions for a guilty plea 7 3.1 Cases sentenced in the magistrates’ courts and the Crown Court, 1999–2013 37 3.2 Volumes and rates of all disposals, all courts, 1999–2013 40 3.3 Volumes and rates of all disposals, indictable offences, all courts, 2003–2013 42 3.4 Volumes and rates of all disposals, Crown Court, 1999–2013 45 3.5 Volumes and rates of all disposals, magistrates’ courts, 1999–2013 46 3.6 Trends in immediate custody rates by principal offence group, magistrates’ courts, 2003–2013 50 3.7 Trends in immediate custody rates by principal offence group, Crown Court, 2003–2013 51 3.8 Trends in community sentence rates by principal offence group, magistrates’ courts, 2003–2013 52 3.9 Trends in community sentence rates by principal offence group, Crown Court, 2003–2013 53 3.10 Trends in suspended sentence order rates by offence group, magistrates’ courts, 1999–2012 55 3.11 Trends in suspended sentence order rates by offence group, Crown Court, 1999–2012 56 3.12 Average custodial sentence lengths, all courts, all persons, 1996–2013 58 3.13 Average custodial sentence lengths, Crown Court, all persons, 1999–2013 58 3.14 Average custodial sentence lengths, magistrates’ courts, all persons, 1999–2013 58 3.15 Average custodial sentence length by offence group, Crown Court 5 9 4.1 Public estimates of the average custody rate for domestic burglary/rape, 2011 65 6.1 The prison population under sentence 2000–2012 99 6.2 Number and percentage of women convicted of indictable offences 101 6.3 Number of out of court disposals and court proceedings by gender, all ages, 2007–2011 102 ix