Exploring our world: Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide

224 Pages·2016·11.61 MB·English

by  Boehm Armstrong Hunkins.

READING ESSENTIALS
AND NOTE-TAKING GUIDE
STUDENT WORKBOOK
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ISBN: 978-0-07-877602-1
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 10 09 08 07
Contents
To The Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1 Using Geography Skills
Section 1 Thinking Like a Geographer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 2 The Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2 Earth’s Physical Geography
Section 1 Forces Shaping the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 2 Landforms and Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 3 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Section 4 Human-Environment Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chapter 3 Earth’s Human and Cultural Geography
Section 1 World Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 2 Global Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Section 3 Resources, Technology, and World Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 4 Physical Geography of the United States and Canada
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 5 History and Cultures of the United States and Canada
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 6 The United States and Canada Today
Section 1 Living in the United States and Canada Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
c. Section 2 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
n
s, I
nie Chapter 7 Physical Geography of Latin America
a
p
m Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
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w- Chapter 8 History and Cultures of Latin America
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he Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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© Chapter 9 Latin America Today
ht
rig Section 1 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
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p Section 2 Central America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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Section 3 South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter 10 Physical Geography of Europe
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
iii
Contents
Chapter 11 History and Cultures of Europe
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter 12 Europe Today
Section 1 Northern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Section 2 Europe’s Heartland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Section 3 Southern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Section 4 Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter 13 Physical Geography of Russia
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Section 2 Climate and the Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Chapter 14 History and Cultures of Russia
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Chapter 15 Russia Today
Section 1 A Changing Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Section 2 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 16 Physical Geography of North Africa,
Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Chapter 17 History and Cultures of North Africa,
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Southwest Asia, and Central Asia p
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Section 1 History and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 h
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Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 b
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h
Chapter 18 North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Today e
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c
Section 1 North Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 G
r
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Section 2 Southwest Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 w
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Section 3 Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 ill C
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m
Chapter 19 Physical Geography of Africa South of the Sahara
p
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n
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 ie
s
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 , In
c
.
Chapter 20 History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
iv
Contents
Chapter 21 Africa South of the Sahara Today
Section 1 West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Section 2 Central and East Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Section 3 Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Chapter 22 Physical Geography of South Asia
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 23 History and Cultures of South Asia
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 24 South Asia Today
Section 1 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Section 2 Muslim Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Section 3 Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 25 Physical Geography of East Asia and Southeast Asia
Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 26 History and Cultures of East Asia and Southeast Asia
Section 1 History and Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 27 East Asia and Southeast Asia Today
c.c. Section 1 China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
nn
s, Is, I Section 2 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
ee
nini Section 3 The Koreas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
aa
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mm Section 4 Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
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Hill Hill Chapter 28 Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
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rigrig Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
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Section 1 Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Section 2 Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Section 3 Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
v

To The Student
Taking good notes helps you become more successful in school.
Using this book helps you remember and understand what you read.
You can use this Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide to improve
your test scores. Some key parts of this booklet are described below.
The Importance of Take special note of these words. You
are more likely to be successful in school
Graphic Organizers
when you have vocabulary knowledge.
First, many graphic organizers appear
When researchers study successful stu-
in this Reading Essentials and Note-Taking
dents, they find that as students acquire
Guide. Graphic organizers allow you to
vocabulary knowledge, their ability to
see important information in a visual
learn improves.
way. Graphic organizers also help you
understand and summarize information, Writing Prompts and
as well as remember the content. Note-Taking
The Cornell Note-Taking Finally, a number of writing exercises
are included in this Reading Essentials
System
and Note-Taking Guide. You will see that
Second, you will see that the pages
many of the note-taking exercises ask
in the Reading Essentials and Note-Taking
you to practice the critical-thinking skills
Guide are arranged in two columns. This
that good readers use. For example, good
two-column format is based on the
readers make connections between their
Cornell Note-Taking System, developed
lives and the text. They also summarize
at Cornell University. The large column
the information that is presented and
on the right side of the page contains the
make inferences or draw conclusions about
essential information from each section
the facts and ideas. At the end of each
of your textbook, Exploring Our World.
section, you will be asked to respond
nc. The column on the left side of the to two short-answer questions and one
es, I page includes a number of note-taking essay. The essays prompt you to use
ni prompts. In this column, you will per-
a one of four writing styles: informative,
p
m form various activities that will help you
o descriptive, persuasive, or expository.
C
Hill focus on the important information in the The information and strategies con-
w- lesson. You will use recognized reading tained within the Reading Essentials and
Gra strategies to improve your reading-for- Note-Taking Guide will help you better
Mc information skills.
understand the concepts and ideas dis-
e
h
y T Vocabulary Development cussed in your social studies class. They
© b also will provide you with skills you can
ht Third, you will notice that vocabulary use throughout your life.
g
ri words are bolded throughout the
y
p
o Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide.
C
vii

Chapter 1, Section 1
(Pages 14–17)
Thinking Like a Geographer
Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan
for the future. As you read, complete the chart below by identifying two
examples for each topic.
Themes of Geography
1.
2.
Types of Geography
1.
2.
Geographers’ Tools
1.
2.
The Five Themes of Geography
(page 15)
c.
n
s, I Geography is the study of Earth and its people. Scientists
e
ni who do this work are geographers. They use five main themes
a
p
m Explain the differ- to describe people and places. The five themes of geography
o
C ence between abso- are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement,
Hill lute location and and regions.
w-
Gra relative location. The position of a place on Earth’s surface is its location,
Mc which can be described in two ways. Absolute location refers
e
h to the exact spot on Earth where a place or feature is found.
T
by Relative location explains where a feature is in relation to the
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ht features around it.
g
yri Place refers to the characteristics of a location that make it
p
o unique. One way to define a place is by its physical features—
C
landforms, plants, animals, and weather patterns. A place also
can be defined by its human characteristics, such as its language.
The environment is one’s natural surroundings. Human-
environment interaction explores how people affect, and are
affected by, their environment. People affect the environment by
changing it to meet their needs. People, in turn, are influenced
by environmental factors they cannot control, such as tempera-
ture and natural disasters.
Chapter 1, Section 1 1
The Five Themes of Geography
(continued)
Movement explores how and why people, ideas, and goods
move from one place to another. For example, people might move
What region do you to flee from a country that is at war. Movement causes cultural
live in? change.
Regions are areas of the Earth’s surface that have features in
common. These features may be land, natural resources, or pop-
ulation. For example, the Rocky Mountain region of the United
States is known for ranching and mining.
A Geographer’s Tools
(pages 16–17)
Types of Geography
Geographers study Earth’s physical and human features.
Write down the four Physical geographers study land areas, bodies of water, plant
long periods of his- life, and other physical features. They also examine natural
tory from the earliest resources and the ways people use them.
to the most recent. Human geographers study people and their activities. They
examine religions, languages, and ways of life. Human geogra-
1.
phers can focus on a specific location or look at broader areas.
2.
They often make comparisons between different places.
3.
Places in Time
4. Geographers study history to learn about changes that have
occurred over time. History is divided into blocks of time called Co
p
periods. A decade is a period of 10 years. A century is a period yrig
h
of 100 years. A millennium is a period of 1,000 years. t ©
In Western society, history is commonly grouped into four b
What types of long periods. Prehistory is the time before writing was developed. y Th
information do e
This period ended about 5,500 years ago. The next period, which M
satellites provide c
G
to mapmakers? lasted until 1,500 years ago, is Ancient History. That period was raw
followed by the Middle Ages, which lasted about 1,000 years. -H
Modern History is the period from about 500 years ago through ill C
o
the present. m
p
a
n
Map Systems ie
s
Geographers use maps to study different types of information , In
c
.
about a place. Some maps are created from information collected
by satellites that circle the Earth. For example, satellites provide
photographs and can measure changing temperatures and pollu-
tion. A specific group of satellites makes up the Global Position-
ing System (GPS). This system uses radio signals to record the
precise location of every place on Earth. GPS devices are installed
in cars and trucks and used by hikers so they do not get lost.
2 Chapter 1, Section 1