Exploring Design Principles of Bioclimatic Architecture and Double Skin Facades as A Convincing Tool for Energy Saving

2018·0.95 MB·English

by  Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs

Contemporary Urban Affairs

2018, Volume 2, Number 3, pages 60– 66

Exploring Design Principles of Bioclimatic Architecture
and Double Skin Facades as A Convincing Tool for
Energy Saving
* Dr. SERTAC ILTER1
1 Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
E mail: [email protected]

A R T I C L E I N F O: A B S T R A C T
Article history: Different climates of different regions do not provide the required
Received 15 July 2018 appropriate climatic conditions to ensure thermal comfort all year long.
Accepted 23 September 2018
The goal to be pursued is to achieve the best interaction between
Available online 13 October
2018 climate, building and user behaviour. Bioclimatic buildings exploit
climate in order to offer their occupants the most appropriate
Keywords: comfortable conditions. Especially, variations in hours of sunshine, in
Bioclimatic
temperature, and rainfall of a particular climate signify establishing
Architecture,
various strategies according to seasonal differences of particular
Double-Skin Facades,
region. In winter time assembling most of solar gain, and protecting the
Thermal Comfort,
users from the cold (heating) are important. In summer;
Heating,
Natural Ventilation, occupants/users need more protection from the sun (cooling). Thus,
Day Lighting. bioclimatic buildings reside in tune with these natural rhythms through
consulting the most of natural lighting. This paper is aimed to enable
architects to rediscover the principles of bioclimatic architecture and
the modern technical and architectural means to achieve them. The
study persuades adjusting the Double Skin Façades (DSF) design as the
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution disciplined approach of ensuring the major strategies of Bioclimatic
- NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0.
Architecture. Apparently, the study seeks three delineated bioclimatic
"CC-BY-NC-ND"
approach daylight, thermal comfort and natural ventilation in DSF
systems. The study views the DFS systems as the potential inclination for
bioclimatic architecture ecological principles. On this basis, a
connection between Bioclimatic Architecture and DFS systems are

asserted and moderated within a generalized task.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018), 2(3), 60-66.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4719
www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.

commonly supplied in the form of electricity,
1. Introduction
which is engendered from fossil fuels. Overall,
Decades, the energy consumption came to
studies reported that buildings’ energy use
the agenda as an alerting paradigm of major
constitutes about one third of the global final
global concern. In view this fact; the many
energy use (G. B. Hanna, 2013). On this basis;
researches have accomplished a novel interest
sustainability spirit in architecture engaged with
in the field of ecological studies in order to
provide enhancing approaches and strategies. *Corresponding Author:
Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Eastern
The building construction sector has been
Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus
notified as the major fact on energy
E-mail address: [email protected]
consuming. Their operational energy is
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

the manifestation of “more efficient energy accomplished cooling and heating (Z. Yılmaz
use”, where an allied relationship through the and F. Çetintaş, 2005). However, its
external and internal environment is adjusted implementation is accompanied by significant
to be asserted. This realm significantly challenges due to the complexity of the
influenced and correlated awareness on the thermal and airflow phenomena that is
selection of construction type and material use involved in its behavior where adaptability is
in architectural design, especially façade magnified in different climatic conditions (M. A.
enterprises. In the explicit of sustainability Shameri, M. A. Alghoul, K. Sopian, M. F. M. Zain,
beyond architecture has imposed various and O. Elayeb, 2011).
approaches in various scales of illuminating the This paper investigates pragmatic deliberations
ecological responsive allocation. of DSF for bioclimatic architecture as one of
Fascinatingly to address the main paradigm of the most appropriate resided approaches of
efficient energy use in design; the bioclimatic contemporary design. Thus, the study aims to
architecture appears as the grounded fragment the DSF key parameters as a
approach that signifies the major spirits (natural matching convincing tool for the design
ventilation, heating, cooling and lighting) of principles of bioclimatic architecture. The key
efficient energy use in building design. parameters of DSF are demarcated within the
Following “efficient energy use” aim of the framework of the study as daylight, thermal
sustainability in architectural design; the comfort and natural ventilation. The
bioclimatic architecture demonstrates a rationalized similarities between DSF and
responsive endorsement on indicating efficient Bioclimatic Architecture are aimed to be met
way of energy use as a cognitive tool for within a collective perspective. The questioned
design. In view of this fact; its principles key primitives of energy efficiency in two
particularly reside along with a natural correlated approaches are drawn to illuminate
dynamic interaction between user, their built a utilized scheme as a convincing tool for
environment and the outdoor climatic design of contemporary era and sustainability.
conditions. However, the determination of
bioclimatic architecture can be adjusted either 2. Incorporating Bioclimatic Architecture and
in vernacular buildings, or contemporary DSF Principles.
buildings without any style or era distinction. In 2.1 Bioclimatic Architecture
other words; any type of building belonging Bioclimatic Architecture imposes evolving
any time dilemma might be classified as climate responsive implantation in architecture
bioclimatic. In order to call a building as through the use of appropriate project
bioclimatic architecture; the ecological strategies considering the climatic differences
dimension of the building significantly must met of each place, in order to better improvement
with energy efficiency perspective as naturally of the thermal comfort conditions for the
achieving the way ventilation, heating, cooling occupants (Lamberts, 2006). Based on the
and lighting Olgyay V. (1953), Aronin JE. (1953), global demarcation of international policy-
Arens E et al. (1981), Lima A. (1995), Singh MK, Kyoto Protocol on sustainability; the bioclimatic
Mahapatra S, Atreya S. (2010). architecture is identified as the income for
In recent; a significant interests has growth in reduction of energy use and other
Double Skin Façade (DSF) design and its usage environmental impacts in order to obtain
due to its pragmatic benefits on energy sustainability as an outcome within the
conservation contributing to the energy challenging decade of climate change (Hyde
efficiency goal of sustainability (N. Safer, M. and Rostvik, 2008). In deed; the approach
Woloszyn, J. J. Roux, and F. Kuznik, 2005). In provides an advantage on climate to control
recent demarcation DSF is resided in the the heat transfer process through the right
definition of multi layer skin construction of application of design elements and building
contemporary architecture where an external technology (Goulart and Pitta, 1994; ERG, 1999
skin adjoined to an internal skin through an op cit). The energy save has mainly promoted
intermediate space of airflow (J. Zhou and Y. with the ensured comfort conditions for
Chen, 2010). In significant; the efficient energy occupants/users into building. Extensively in
use ideology is resembled in DSF with spirit; passive low energy techniques are
evacuating the solar radiation absorb upon a persuaded for generating environmentally
glazing envelope, which enhances continuous interactive, efficient and contented to human
ventilation within the building. As a comfort standards (Yeang, 1996). On this basis
consequence; DSF impulses a minimized the bioclimatic architecture principles are
energy consumption use amongst developed on representing energy efficient

Sertaç İlter 61
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

strategies, while the applicability is modified ventilation of the cavity of the double façade,
based on the environmental characteristics of with or without integrating a shading device in
the region and building type (Maciel, 2007). the cavity separating the glazing (BBRI, 2004).
In significant, pair of glass called- skins is
Various researches are intended to prospect separated upon a validated air space/
the principles of bioclimatic architecture corridor. The main layer of glass imposes the
(Machaira et al, 2012). With all of these insulation, while the air space/corridor between
perspectives, EDP, Axarli & Teli and Lambertin the layers of glass implements insulation against
have made the most comprehensive temperature extremes, winds, and sound. Sun-
approach to bioclimatic architecture shading devices are often located between
approach. the two skins. All elements can be arranged
differently into numbers of permutations and
Listed below are different set of principles as combinations of both solid and diaphanous
outlined by previous researchers such as membranes (Harrison, Meyer-Boake, 2003).
Lamberts (2006) and Axarli & Teli (2008) EDP Extensively, ventilation of the cavity can be
Energy (2011) (Table 1). According to the set of natural, fan supported or mechanical. Apart
principles, similarities and dissimilarities can be from the type of the ventilation inside the
observed. According to comparing the various cavity, the origin and destination of the air can
principles thermal comfort and natural lighting differ depending mostly on climatic conditions,
are the most dominant feature for bioclimatic use, location, occupational hours of the
architecture. building and the HVAC strategy.

Table 1. Different set of principles as outlined, Lamberts 2.2.1The Components of DSF and Passive
(2006) and Axarli & Teli (2008) EDP Energy (2011)
Design
The DSF incorporates the passive design
strategies of natural ventilation and solar heat
gain into the fabric of the contemporary
building. These are the key components of the
DSF regarding to energy efficiency and human
comfort that certain types of double skin
façades are controlled. These key primitives are
daylight, thermal comfort and natural
ventilation (Boake, T. M., Bes, B., & Arch, M.,
2003).
Solar Heat Gain

In DSFs; the control of solar heat gain is

obtained through the use of shading devices
2.2 Double Skin Façade (DSF)
(typically horizontal blinds) contained within the
DSF can be defined as a traditional single
air cavity, where the cavity also demonstrates
façade doubled inside or outside amongst a
the ability to absorb some of the incoming solar
secondary airflow break- glazed façade. In
radiation. In significant; the external shading
other words; The DSF is a system consisting of
devices claim efficiently reducing the solar
two glass skins placed in such a way that air
heat in highly glazed buildings. Moreover;
flows within an intermediate cavity. The
horizontal blinds allow getting the specific
attribution of imposing a skin ideology is
advantages for daylighting.
illuminative and spirited with the accomplished

airflow cavity. A ventilated cavity - having a
There are various configurations of horizontal
width, which can range from several
blind shading devices. They can either be fixed
centimeters to several meters - is positioned
elements or, typically, operable units that are
between these two skins. Though the heat
either controlled through the occupant or
extraction, the solar shading devices are
sensors within the building. However; in each
placed inside the cavity (Poirazis 2004). Besides
type the air cavity space has the ability to
the automated equipment-shading devices;
draw off some of the initial solar radiation.
motorized openings or fans, are also frequently
Convection currents carry the heated air
preferred to be integrated into the façade. The
upwards and extracts to the exterior through
main difference between a ventilated double
the venting arrangement at the top of the
façade and an airtight multiple glazing lies in
cavity.
the intentional and probably controlled

Sertaç İlter 62
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

“A double-skin façade reduces heat losses uppermost floors of a high-rise building. Natural
because the reduced speed of the air flow ventilation of offices by fresh air is much more
and the increased temperature of the air in the acceptable to the building’s users and it has
cavity lowers the rate of heat transfer on the the additional benefits of reducing investment
surface of the glass. This has the effect of in air handling systems and also reducing
maintaining higher surface temperatures on energy consumption.” (Compagno, 1995, p.
the inside of the glass, which in turn means that 94)
the space close to the window can be better On this basis; a typical strategy of the double
utilized as a result of increased thermal comfort skin façade is to compartmentalize the buffer
conditions” (Compagno, 1995) zone into separate regions with air supplied by
Consequently; the buffer zone allows for grilles or vents at each level or individual zone.
increased use of the perimeter zone of the This compartmentalization disregards the
space that typically requires heating or cooling impact of noise, sound, smoke and heat
mechanisms against the exposed glazing. Also, transfer from one section, level or room to the
with the use of improved solar heat transmission next area. The use of vents or grilles allows the
values for glazing the absorption and reflection control of incoming air by reducing air velocity,
of heat can be controlled to minimize solar protecting from rain and reducing noise
heat gain. This can be accomplished through transmission from the exterior. Such control
the use of what is referred to as ‘spectrally allows occupant access to the natural
selective glazing’; ventilation in constructions. “Most effective
Spectral Selectivity refers to the ability of a ways to reduce building services energy
glazing material to respond differently to consumption is to exploit natural means and
different wavelengths of solar energy – in other depend less on mechanical techniques"
words, to admit visible light while rejecting (Farmer, Graham and Guy, Simon, 2003).
unwanted invisible infrared heat. Newer Extensively; the air cavity space and integrated
products on the market have achieved this solar shading devices control the solar heat
characteristic, permitting much clearer glass gains that would typically require the use of
than previously available for solar control mechanical means of air conditioning and air
glazing. A glazing with a relatively high visible extraction.
transmittance and a low solar heat gain
coefficient indicates that a glazing is selective. Daylighting
Spectrally selective glazing use special Daylighting is important in two ways; first it
absorbing tints or coatings, and are typically reduces the amount of artificial lighting
either neutral in color or have a blue or required, and secondly the quality of light from
blue/green appearance. An ideal spectrally daylight is preferential to artificial lighting. The
selective glazing admits only the part of the double skin façade with its increased glazing
sun’s energy that is useful for daylighting coverage improves the access to daylighting in
(O’Connor, Jennifer with: Lee, E., Rubinstein,F., the space. The increased daylighting
Selkowitz,S.,1997). component of the completely glazed façade
Natural Ventilation initiates excessive glare and heat at certain
Natural ventilation allows cooling and times of the day. These increases require
ventilating the space through the use of advance actions in design to struggle their
passive ventilating methods. The passive use of negative effects. Solar shading devices are
air currents plays a significant contribution on designed into the air cavity space to decrease
reducing the energy consumption of the solar heat gain through the glazing and reduce
building. Within this process; the exterior glazing the amount of glare to bring forth by the
of the double skin demonstrates a layer of air increased access to daylight.
subsequent to the exterior wall of the building
that is not affected by high velocity wind. This 3. Findings
buffer zone as a key component to the double The indoor environment is always under the
skin façade is typically the area admission by intense of to be controlled for providing the
the occupants/users for natural ventilation. In users needs by the delivery of different building
some instances; the use of operable windows services such as heating, cooling, ventilation,
in the exterior glazing skin is also used for and lighting. This can be explained from the
natural ventilation. traditional idea that meeting occupant needs
“The reduction of wind pressure by the addition on comfort and energy savings could be met
of the extra pane of glass means that the by the formation of a static, ultimate thermal
windows can be opened even in the environment. Resembling the ultimate thermal

Sertaç İlter 63
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

environment adjustment as the major gizmo; designing required size of windows and
the connections on daylight, thermal comfort reflective surfaces on the ground such as,
and natural ventilation strategies of Bioclimatic water elements or paving and also fully glazed
Architecture and DSF Design are utilized in transparent surfaces may contribute to
below Table 2. capturing more light in DSF systems.
• Penetration: The way daylight
Table 2. Daylight, Thermal Comfort and Natural Ventilation penetrates into spaces depending on the
Strategies of Bioclimatic Architecture and DSF Systems. position, orientation, angle, size and type of
glazing which are necessary circumstances for
Bioclimatic Architecture, but DSF systems can
occur penetration of daylight by fully glazed
exterior of interior layer.
• Distribution: Daylight can be diffused by
an appropriate type of glazing usage or by
reflectors that allow light for penetration, both
in Bioclimatic Architecture and DSF systems.
The thermal comfort strategy is a response
predominantly to winter comfort: capturing the
heat from solar radiation, storing it in the mass
of the structure.
• Heat capturing: Capturing heat in
Bioclimatic Architecture comprises of storing
solar energy and converting into heat. The solar
radiation received by a structure depends on
climate together with the orientation of the
building, the nature of its surfaces and the
materials used, on the topography of the site
and glazed surfaces. In DSF systems, orientation
of DSF, directs heat gain and transmits diffused
solar radiation through glazed layers that can
capture heat.
• Storage: Heat storage can be
accomplished with materials among
accumulating heat capacity and absorptive

double-glazing for DSF systems.
Throughout reading the indicated findings from
• Retention: Retention is the air-tightness
the listed Table 2; the following issues are more
of the building’s skin together with the
extensively and preciously conducted in
insulation properties of its walls that reduce
explanation.
heat loss in Bioclimatic Architecture; dividing a
The daylight strategy intents to improve how
structure into different spaces for creating a
natural light is captured and allowed to
distinct temperature zones. Same idea can be
penetrate a space, and to improve how it is
used in DSF systems by compartmenting the air
then diffused and focused. Controlling light to
cavity into separated regions with air supplied
avoid visual discomfort must also be
by grills or vents.
considered. The intelligent use of daylight
• Distribution: Distribution means
allows the reduction of electricity consumption
conveying the air to the spaces. Air (heat) can
for lighting.
be distributed with the thermo-circulation of

the air (rising movement of warm air). This can
• Shading and Control: Excessive daylight
be achieved through the air cavity that DSF
penetration can cause visual discomfort. This
systems contain where raised air must also be
can be controlled by architectural features like
regulated according to the spatial needs and
canopies, overhangs and reflectors in
usage that Bioclimatic Architecture claims.
Bioclimatic Architecture, and with fixed or
The natural ventilation strategy is a response to
movable shading devices which contained in
the requirements for summer comfort: shading
air cavity or exterior layer of DSF systems.
from solar radiation, dissipating excess heat
• Capturing: Windows into spaces
and cooling down naturally.
convey a certain amount of daylight. This can
• Shading: Bioclimatic Architecture
be available in Bioclimatic Architecture with
essentially sets the external shading screens,

Sertaç İlter 64
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

which could be permanent or mobile. In DSF appropriate to be achieved in DSF systems.
systems; shading devices generally arise in the Consequently; DSF systems of contemporary
air cavity for creating fully glazed façade architecture can be illuminated as the
without any additional architectural features. In equivalent trend of Bioclimatic Architecture
addition to this; sufficient insulation should be that adjusts its fundamental ecological
used to prevent accumulation of heat. strategies on daylight, thermal comfort and
• Dissipating Excess Heat: Dissipating of natural ventilation.
excess heat can be achieved through natural
ventilation by using outlets, where temperature
differences create a chimney effect in 5. References
Bioclimatic Architecture. Likewise; DSF systems Arens E., et al. (1981). A new bioclimatic chart for
can achieve dissipating of excess heat for environmental design. In: de Oliviera
creating stack and chimney effect through the Fernandes, Woods JE & Faist AP (eds) Building
air cavity by using air inlets and outlets. energy management. Permagon Press,
• Cooling the Structure: Cooling in Oxford.
Bioclimatic Architecture and DSF systems can https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID
be easily achieved by natural means. =200902057484001433&rel=0
Common solution to ensure ventilation is to Aronin JE. (1953). Climate and architecture, a
increase the speed of air circulation by venturi Progressive Architecture book. Reinhold, New
effect or wind towers created with buffer zone York.
(air cavity). DSF systems also comprise operable https://www.rarebookstore.net/pages/books/
windows, which located in the internal layer of 763/architecture-jeffrey-ellis-aronin/climate-
the skin and air inlets, both on external and architecture-progressive-architecture-book
internal layers. In addition to these; some Axarli, K. and Teli, D., (2008). Implementation of
natural features can be used for cooling such bioclimatic principles in the design of urban
as water features, plants and underground open spaces: microclimatic improvement for
ducting, etc. in Bioclimatic Architecture. the cooling period of an open space
adjacent to the sea. Paper presented on the
4. Conclusion PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and
Bioclimatic Architecture promotes valid major Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, 22nd to 24th
strategies to be considered as a major October 2008.
framework leading the ecological approaches https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31
in building industry. The general framework of 7305540_Implementation_of_bioclimatic_princi
Bioclimatic Architecture significantly estimates ples_in_the_design_of_urban_open_spaces_mi
the grounds on understanding sustainability croclimatic_improvement_for_the_cooling_per
and its ecological implementations in building iod_of_an_open_space_adjacent_to_the_sea
industry. Bioclimatic Architecture principles and BBRI (2004). ‘Ventilated double façades –
strategies emphasize the pragmatic need for Classification and illustration of façade
an amalgamated and universal approach on concepts’, Belgian Building Research Institute -
implementing sustainability in building projects. BBRI Department of Building Physics, Indoor
The challenge for the designers is to bring Climate and Building Services.
different bioclimatic architecture principles http://www.bestfacade.com/pdf/downloads/
together with contemporary ways. The main Bestfacade_WP1_Report.pdf
challenge with highly glazed buildings lies Boake, T. M., Bes, B., & Arch, M. (2003).
especially in their ability to respond and Understanding the General Principles of the
acclimatize rapidly to the external environment Double Skin Façade System.
according to occupants’ requirements https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Unde
throughout the year. This is feasible by means rstanding-the-General-Principles-of-the-
of high-tech systems to control temperature, Double-Boake-
light and ventilation. According to the findings, Chatham/2cc9d32d259f736d8da64fda37e5f7
an excessive correspondence has been 38c9bf16af
comprehended between DSF systems and Compagno, Andrea (1995). Intelligent Glass
Bioclimatic Architecture strategies. Reducing Facades; Material, Practice, Design,
heat demand, providing view through highly Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland.
glazed surface, controlling solar heat gain, https://www.amazon.co.uk/Intelligent-Glass-
allowing natural ventilation with provided Facades-Material-Practice/dp/376435996X
thermal insulation barrier, reducing artificial Energy Design Partnership, EDP Energy (2011).
lighting to improve occupants comfort are all Principles of bioclimatic architecture.

Sertaç İlter 65
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 60-66 / 2018

Retrieved on March 9, 2012 from Rome, Italy.
www.edpenergy.com https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig
Farmer, Graham and Guy, Simon (2003). Visions _proceedings/fig2012/papers/ts03c/TS03C_ma
of Ventilation: Pathways to Sustainable chaira_labropoulos_et_al_6056.pdf
Architecture, Department of Architecture, Maciel, A. A. (2007). Bioclimatic Integration into
University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle the Architectural Design. Published PhD. Thesis.
upon Tyne, UK. University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Graha http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/p
m_Farmer/publication/254955507_Visions_of_V ublicacoes/teses/TESE_Alexandra_Albuquerqu
entilation_Pathways_to_Sustainable_Architect e_Maciel.pdf
ure/links/55e59e5308aebdc0f58a5563.pdf N. Safer, M. Woloszyn, J. J. Roux, and F. Kuznik
G. B. Hanna (2013). Green energy and green (2005). Modeling of the double-skin facades
buildings in Egypt, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl., 3(4), for building energy simulations: Radiative and
466–470. convective heat transfer,” Building Simulation,
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downloa 1067–1074.
d?doi=10.1.1.414.7838&rep=rep1&type=pdf http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/
Goulart, S. and Pitta, T. (1994). Advanced topics pdf/inive/ibpsa/bs05_1067_1074.pdf
in bioclimatology to building design, regarding O’Connor, Jennifer with: Lee, E., Rubinstein,F.,
environmental comfort. Florianopolis: PPGEC- Selkowitz,S. (1997). Tips for Daylighting with
UFSC PPGEC-UFSC. Windows; the Integrated Approach, Ernest
http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/jspui/bitstream/123 Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National
456789/6368/1/APPLICATION%20OF%20BIOCLI Laboratory.
MATIC%20ARCHITECTURE%20PRINCIPLES%20IN https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-
%20THE%20DESIGN%20OF%20HOTEL%20AT%20 daylighting-1997.pdf
KATSINA%20NIGERIA.pdf Olgyay V. (1953). Bioclimatic approach to
Harrison K., Meyer-Boake T. (2003). The Tectonics architecture, in BRAB conference report No.5
of the Environmental Skin, University of National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Waterloo, School of Architecture. p. 13.
https://www.tboake.com/ds/double.pdf https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?tit
Hyde, R., (2008). Bioclimatic Housing Innovative le=Bioclimatic%20approach%20to%20architec
Designs for Warm Climates. London, UK: ture&author=V.%20Olgyay&pages=13-
Earthscan. 23&publication_year=1953
https://www.amazon.com/Bioclimatic- Poirazis, H. (2004). Double Skin Façades for Office
Housing-Innovative-Designs- Buildings – Literature Review, Division of Energy
Climates/dp/1844072843 and Building Design, Department of
J. Zhou and Y. Chen (2010). A review on applying Construction and Architecture, Lund Institute
ventilated double-skin facade to buildings in of Technology, Lund University, Report EBD-R—
hot-summer and cold-winter zone in China, 04/3, 2004.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,14(4), 1321–1328. http://www.ebd.lth.se/fileadmin/energi_bygg
Lamberts, R., (2006). Bioclimatic Buildings: A nadsdesign/images/Publikationer/Bok-EBD-R3-
paper presented to the Federal University of G5_alt_2_Harris.pdf
Santa Catarina. Singh MK, Mahapatra S, Atreya S. (2010). Thermal
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.017 performance study and evaluation of comfort
Lima A. (1995). The development of bioclimatic temperatures in vernacular buildings of North-
design. PhD Thesis, The University of east India. Build Environment; 45(2): 320–329.
Queensland, Brisbane. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.009
https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/The Yeang, K., (1996). The Skyscraper Bioclimatically
_Development_of_Bioclimatic_Design.html?id Considered, London Academy.
=6bXPSAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500001470
M. A. Shameri, M. A. Alghoul, K. Sopian, M. F. M. Z. Yılmaz and F. Çetintaş, (2005). Double skin
Zain, and O. Elayeb (2011). “Perspectives of façade’s effects on heat losses of office
double skin façade systems in buildings and buildings in Istanbul, Energy Buildings, 37 (7),
energy saving,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 691–697.
15(3), 1468–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.016
Machaira, et.el. (2012). Green Hotelling: A
Feasibility Study in the Hellenic Island of Skyros.
Paper presented at FIG Working Week 2012.

Sertaç İlter 66