Exploitation of Marine Communities: Report of the Dahlem Workshop on Exploitation of Marine Communities Berlin 1984, April 1–6

370 Pages·1984·6.212 MB·English

by  R. M. May (auth.), R. M. May (eds.)

Dahlem Workshop Reports
Life Sciences Research Report 32
Exploitation of Marine Communities
The goal of this Dahlem Workshop is:
to evaluate the ability of fishery science
and management to deal with changes
in the marine ecosystems
Life Sciences Research Reports
Editor: Silke Bernhard
Held and published on behalf of the
Stifterverband fUr die Deutsche Wissenschaft
Sponsored by:
Senat der Stadt Berlin
Stifterverband fUr die Deutsche Wissenschaft
Exploitation of
Marine Communities
R. M. May, Editor
Report of the Dahlem Workshop on
Exploitation of Marine Communities
Berlin 1984, April 1-6
Rapporteurs:
J.R Beddington· RJ.H. Beverton· PA. Larkin
G.Sugihara
Program Advisory Committee:
RM. May, Chairperson' J.R Beddington
J.A. Gulland . J.H. Steele· F.RM. Thurow
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1984
Copy Editors: K Geue, J. Lupp
Text Preparation: M. Bottcher, J. Lambertz, M. Lax, D. Lewis
Photographs: E. P. Thonke
With 4 photographs, 42 figures, and 14 tables
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-70159-7 c-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-70157-3
DOl: 10.107/978-3-642-70157-3
CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek
Exploitation of marine communities:
report of the Dahlem Workshop on Exploitation of Marine Communities
Berlin 1984, April 1 - 6 I
R.M. May, ed. Rapporteurs: J.R. Beddington .••
(Held and publ. on behalf of the Stifterverb. fur d. Dt. Wiss.
Sponsored by: Senat d. Stadt Berlin; Stifterverb. fur d. Dt. Wiss.).
Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Tokyo: Springer, 1984.
(Life sciences research report; 32)
(Dahlem workshop reports)
NE; May, Robert M. (Hrsg.): Beddington, J.R.
(Mitverf.): Workshop on Exploitation of Marine Communities
<1984, Berlin, West>; GT
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illu
strations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means,
and storage in data banks. Under § 54 ofthe German Copyright Law, where copies are
made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort",
Munich.
© Dr. S. Bernhard, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin 1984.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t Edition 1984
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even
in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2131/3020-5432 1 0
Table of Contents
The Dahlem Konferenzen
S. Bernhard ix
Introduction
R.M. May 1
Dynamics of Single Species
Group Report
R.J.H. Beverton, Rapporteur
J.G. Cooke, J.B. Csirke, R. W. Doyle, G. Hempel, S.J. Holt,
A.D. MacCall, D.J. Policansky, J. Roughgarden, J.G. Shepherd,
M.P. Sissenwine, P.H. Wiebe 13
Why Do Fish Populations Vary?
M.P. Sissenwine 59
The Availability and Information Content of Fisheries Data
J.G. Shepherd 95
Dynamics and Evolution of Marine Populations with Pelagic
Larval Dispersal
J. Roughgarden, S. Gaines, and Y. Iwasa 111
Ecosystems Dynamics
Group Report
G. Sugihara, Rapporteur
S. Garcia, J.A. Gulland, J.H. Lawton, H. Maske, R. T. Paine,
T. Platt, E. Rachor, B.J. Rothschild, E.A. Ursin, B.F.K. Zeitzschel 131
vi Table of Contents
Observed Patterns in Multispecies Fisheries
J.A. Gulland and S. Garcia 155
Some Approaches to Modeling Multispecies Systems
R.T. Paine 191
The Response of Multispecies Systems to Perturbations
J.R. Beddington 209
,Management mder Uncertainty
Group Report
J.R. Beddington, Rapporteur
W.E. Arntz, R.S. Bailey, G.D. Brewer, M.H. Glantz, A.J. Y. Laurec,
R.M. May, W.P. Nellen, V.S. Smetacek, F.R.M. Thurow,
J.-P. Troadec, C.J. Walters 227
Kinds of Variability and Uncertainty Affecting Fisheries
J.H. Steele 245
Managing Fisheries mder Biological Uncertainty
C.J. Walters 263
The Wider Dimensions of Management Uncertainty in
World Fisheries
G.D. Brewer 275
Strategies for Multispecies Management
Group Report
P.A. Larkin, Rapporteur
C. W. Clark, N. Daan, S. Dutt, V. Hongskul, S.A. Levin,
G.G. Newman, D.M. Pauly, G. Radach, H.K. Rosenthal 287
Strategies for Multispecies Management: Objectives and
Constraints
C.W. Clark 303
Management Techniques for Multispecies Fisheries
G.G. Newman 313
Table of Contents vii
Epilogue
J.A. Gulland 335
Geographical Glossary 339
Glossary of Technical Terms
J.G. Cooke 341
List of Participants with Field'! of Research 349
Subject Index 355
Author Index 367
The Dahlem Konferenzen
FOWlders
Recognizing the need for more effective communication between
scientists, especially in the natural sciences, the Stifterverband fUr die
Deutsche Wissenschaft*, in cooperation with the Deutsche ForschWlgs
gemeinschaft**, fOWlded Dahlem Konferenzen in 1974. The project
is financed by the fOWlders and the Senate of the City of Berlin.
Name
Dahlem Konferenzen was named after the district of Berlin called
"Dahlem", which has a long-standing tradition and reputation in the arts
and sciences.
Aim
The task of Dahlem Konferenzen is to promote international,
interdisciplinary exchange of scientific information and ideas, to stimulate
international cooperation in research, and to develop and test new models
conducive to more effective communication between scientists.
Dahlem Workshop Model
Dahlem Konferenzen organizes four workshops per year, each with a
limited number of participants. Since no type of scientific meeting proved
effective enough, Dahlem Konferenzen had to create its own concept.
This concept has been tested and varied over the years, and has evolved
into its present form which is known as the Dahlem Workshop Model.
This model provides the framework for the utmost possible interdisciplinary
communication and cooperation between scientists in a given time period.
*The Donors Association for the Promotion of Sciences and Humanities
**German Science Foundation
x The Dahlem Konferenzen
The main work of the Dahlem Workshops is done in four interdisciplinary
discussion groups. Lectures are not given. Instead, selected participants
write background papers providing a review of the field rather than a
report on individual work. These are circulated to all participants before
the meeting to provide a basis for discussion. During the workshop, the
members of the four groups prepare reports reflecting their discussions
and providing suggestions for future research needs.
Topics
The topics are chosen from the fields of the Life Sciences and the Physical,
Chemical, and Earth Sciences. They are of contemporary international
interest, interdisciplinary in nature, and problem-oriented. Once a year,
topic suggestions are submitted to a scientific board for approval.
Participants
For each workshop participants are selected exclusively by special Program
Advisory Committees. Selection is based on international scientific
reputation alone, although a balance between European and American
scientists is attempted. Exception is made for younger German scientists.
Publication
The results of the workshops are the Dahlem Workshop Reports, reviewed
by selected participants and carefully edited by the editor of each volume.
The reports are multidisciplinary surveys by the most internationally
distinguished scientists and are based on discussions of new data,
experiments, advanced new concepts, techniques, and models. Each
report also reviews areas of priority interest and indicates directions
for future research on a given topic.
The Dahlem Workshop Reports are published in two series:
1) Life Sciences Research Reports (LS), and
2) Physical, Chemical, and Earth.Sciences Research Reports (PC).
Director
Silke Bernhard, M.D.
Address
Dahlem Konferenzen
Wallotstrasse 19
1000 Berlin (West) 33
Exploitation of Marine Communities, ed. R.M. May, pp. 1-10. Dahlem Konferenzen
1984. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.
Introduction
R.M. May
Biology Dept., Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Humans have harvested the sea for a long time. Some of the earliest
traces left by our species are the shellfish middens of coastal dwellers,
and some of the earliest and most delicate tools made by humans are
bone fishhooks and other artifacts associated with fishing. Such
exploitation of the fruits of the sea was not a trivial accomplishment;
it appears, for example, that Australian aboriginals who were isolated
on islands in the Bass Straight by the rising seas following the last ice
age underwent a cultural degeneration on their way to eventual extinction,
and one of the first skills they appear to have lost is fishing. Today,
with the tools provided by modern technology, there is no danger of our
losing the ability to catch the fish. Instead we have the problem that
aggressive overexploitation may lead - and in some cases arguably has
already led - to our losing the fish themselves.
Recognition of the dangers of excessive harvesting of particular fish
stocks has led to the formation of national and international organizations
whose aim is to regulate fishing in specific regions (the North Sea, the
North Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, and so on) or of particular species
(the International Whaling Commission, the original Pacific Tuna
Commission). The outcome today is an international but relatively small
cadre of fisheries scientists (most of whom are scientific civil servants),
whose work is a fascinating - if sometimes uneasy - blend of basic science
and direct application. Much of this activity consists of short-term
recommendations about harvest levels for particular stocks, and these