Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics PDF
Preview Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics
It has been shown that we learn by doing. Perhaps engineering students especially will better understand the principles of heat transfer and thermo- dynamics by conducting experiments and seeing results. This book presents a collection of experiments in heat transfer and thermo- dynamics contributed by leading engineering educators. The experiments have been tested, evaluated, and proved to be successful for classroom use. They are fun and challenging. Each experiment follows a similar step-by-step format, which includes the objective of the experiment, apparatus needed, procedure, suggested head- ings, and references. The experiments use apparatus that is easily built or obtained. Among the topics covered are heat conduction, convection, boiling, mix- ing, diffusion, radiation, heat pipes and exchangers, and thermodynamics. Appendixes include lists of short experiments and demonstrations that have appeared in the literature, along with lists of available films and audiovisual materials and where to get them. Designed to serve as a companion to standard heat transfer and thermo- dynamics texts, this book will be a useful and appealing resource for engineer- ing students. Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics Edited by Robert A. Granger Professor of Mechanical Engineering United States Naval Academy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521449250 © Cambridge University Press 1994 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1994 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics / edited by Robert A. Granger, p. cm. ISBN 0-521-45115-9 (hardback). - ISBN 0-521-44925-1 (pbk.) 1. Heat — Transmission — Experiments. 2. Thermodynamics—Experiments. I. Granger, Robert Alan. TJ260.E97 1994 fei.402'2'078 - dc20 93-29702 CIP ISBN 978-0-521-45115-4 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-44925-0 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Man should have heroes. This book is dedicated to mine. To Stephen W. Hawking of Cambridge University, who on contem- plating the origin of the universe stated, "Entropy and disorder in- crease with time because we measure time in the direction in which disorder increases."* To John H. Nickerson of Stamford, CT, who makes order out of disorder. * "Quantum cosmology," 300 Years of Gravitation, eds. S. W. Hawking and W. Israel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, p. 648. Contents Preface page xi Introduction xiii Part I Experiments in heat transfer 1.1 Conduction 3 Experiment 1 Critical radius of insulation 5 Experiment 2 The regelation of ice - the effect of heat conduction 9 Experiment 3 Unsteady heat conduction in a sphere 16 Experiment 4 Heat conduction in materials with nonhomogeneous structure 19 Experiment 5 Measurement of thermal conductivity of solids during chemical reactions 23 Experiment 6 Temperature measurements in a transparent material: Application of the holographic interferometry 33 1.2 Convection 41 Experiment 7 A forced convection heat-transfer experiment 43 Experiment 8 Reynolds analogy for mass transfer 49 Experiment 9 Natural-convection melting of a slab of ice 54 Experiment 10 Forced-convection heat loss from 3D solids 61 Experiment 11 Forced and free convective heat transfer of a laminar flow in a horizontal heated pipe 66 Experiment 12 Measurement of convective heat-transfer coefficients on external surfaces 76 Experiment 13 Measurement of local heat-transfer coefficient on the ice surface around isothermally cooled cylinders arranged in a line 82 Experiment 14 Experiments of unsteady forced convection vu Vlll Contents in ducts with timewise variation of inlet temperature 88 Experiment 15 Measurement of heat and mass transfer from a body in air-water mist flow 99 Experiment 16 Measurement of transient/steady heat-transfer coefficient with simultaneous photography of flow processes from beneath the heater surface 112 1.3 Boiling 125 Experiment 17 Capillary-tube boiling 127 Experiment 18 Two characteristic regions of nucleate pool boiling and corresponding change of hydrodynamic state 135 Experiment 19 The boiling slide 142 Experiment 20 Evaporation and boiling in sessile drops on a heated surface 147 1.4 Mixing, dispersion, and diffusion 155 Experiment 21 Determination of the binary diffusion coefficient in a liquid mixture 157 Experiment 22 Diffusion distillation: A separation method for azeotropic mixtures 165 L5 Radiation 171 Experiment 23 Determination of the emissivity of a heated copper surface 173 1.6 Heat pipes and exchangers 179 Experiment 24 Performance characteristics of an annular heat pipe 181 Experiment 25 Heat transfer during drop formation and release 192 Part II Experiments in thermodynamics Experiment 26 Effect of surface condition on attainable superheat of water 205 Experiment 27 Experiments for compressibility and vapor pressure 208 Experiment 28 Determination of time constants Experiment 29 Very fast versus very slow processes: Which 217 are more efficient (closer to reversibility)? Experiment 30 Determination of volumetric fraction of 223 each phase in multiphase flow Experiment 31 Measurement of the latent heat of 230 vaporization of a liquid 240
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