Experimental Methods in Neuropsychology

237 Pages·2003·7.14 MB·English

by  Merrill Hiscock (auth.), Kenneth Hugdahl (eds.)

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION
VOLUME 21
Series Editor:
R. Malatesha Joshi, College ofE ducation, Texas A&M University, US.A.
Elena Grigorenko, PACE Center, Yale University, US.A.
Advisory Board:
Torleiv Hoien, Center for Dyslexia Research, Norway
George Hynd, University ofG eorgia, US.A.
C.K. Leong, University ofS askatchewan, Canada
John Marshall, University of Oxford, UK.
Gabriele Miceli, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
Loraine Obler, City University ofN ew York, US.A.
Pieter Reitsma, Paedologisch Instituut Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The purpose of the Neuropsychology and Cognition series is to bring out volumes
that promote understanding in topics relating brain and behavior. It is intended for
use by both clinicians and research scientists in the fields of neuropsychology,
cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, speech and hearing, as well as education.
Examples of topics to be covered in this series would relate to memory, language
acquisition and breakdown, reading, attention, developing and aging brain. By
addressing the theoretical, empirical, and applied aspects of brain-behavior
relationships, this series will try to present the information in the files of
neuropsychology and cognition in a coherent manner.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end oft his volume.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
edited by
Kenneth Hugdahl
University ofB ergen, Norway
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Experimental methods in neuropsychology / edited by Kenneth Hugdahl.
p.cm. - (Neuropsychology and cognition; 21)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5423-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-1163-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1163-2
1. Neuropsychology-Research-Methodology. I. Hugdahl, Kenneth. II Series.
QP360 .E966 2002
152' .072-dc21
2002028758
Copyright © 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without the written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
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for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Permission for books published in Europe: permissions(cqwkap.nl
Permission for books published in the United States of America: permissions(~"\kap.com
Printed on aCid-Fee paper.
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to the students at the University of Bergen.
Permissions:
Chapter 6, page 117, figure 6.3 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, Ill,
Krause, Sillanmiiki, Koivisto, Saarela, Haggqvist, Laine, Hamalainen, The effects of
memory load on event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization, Page
2074, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science.
Chapter 6, page 119, figure 6.4 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, 111,
Krause, Sillanmaki, Koivisto, Saarela, Haggqvist, Laine, Hamalainen, The effects of
memory load on event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization, Page
2074, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier Science.
Chapter 6, page 121, figure 6.5 is reprinted from Clinical Neurophysiology, 112,
Sillanmaki, Haggqvist, Heino, Test-retest consistency of the event-related
desynchronization/synchronization of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-I2 Hz frequency
bands during a memory task, Pages 753 and 754, Copyright (2001), with permission
from Elsevier Science.
CONTENTS
List of contributors ix
Preface XI
1. Behavioural experimental techniques
Merrill Hiscock
2. Dichotic listening: An experimental tool in clinical neuropsychology 29
Kenneth Hugdah/
3. The divided visual field technique in laterality and interhemispheric 47
integration
Marie T Banich
4. Startle reflex modulation: Perception, attention, and emotion 65
Margaret M Bradley & Dean Sabatinelli
5. Animal models of neuropsychological function 89
R. Holly Fitch & James J. Chrobak
6. Brain electric oscillations and cognitive processes III
Christina M Krause
7. Functional MRI studies of perception, cognition and emotion: 131
Studies in normal and diseased brains
A ina Puce, Dianne Anderson & Robert L. Savoy
8. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the study of cognition 173
Hugo Theoret & Alvaro Pascual-Leone
9. Current methods for cognitive neuroanatomy 197
Lutz Jancke
Subject index 223
Author index 227
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Anderson, Dianne, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Banich, Marie T., University of Colorado, CO, USA
Bradley, Margaret M., University of Florida, FL, USA
Chrobak, James J., University of Connecticut, CT, USA
Fitch, R. Holly, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
Hiscock, Merrill, University of Houston, TX, USA
Hugdahl, Kenneth, University of Bergen, Norway
Jiincke, Lutz, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
Krause, Christina M., University of Helsinki, Finland
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Puce, Aina, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Sabatinelli, Dean, University of Florida, FL, USA
Savoy, Robert L, The Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
Theoret, Hugo, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
PREFACE
Clinical neuropsychology typically employs large standardized test-batteries to
cover the cognitive deficits caused by brain lesions and neurodegenerative diseases.
The neuropsychologist moves between three levels of explanation; the behavioral
level, the cognitive level and the brain level. The behavioral level is measured as
actual performance on a test, i.e. the obtained test score. The cognitive level refers to
the underlying cognitive processes that are reflected in the test scores. The brain
level, finally, refers to the neural underpinnings and substrates to the cognitive
processes. The recent decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in our knowledge
about cognitive processes and the underlying neural substrates. Experimental
techniques and paradigms have played an important role in the accumulation of new
knowledge in this field. Thus, there is a need to present a collection of experimental
paradigms and techniques to neuropsychology. Some of these paradigms and
techniques have however a long history in neuropsychology, like dichotic listening
and EEG measures, while others are new and novel to most neuropsychologists like
animal model paradigms and brain imaging and brain stimulation. Experimental
techniques typically aim at discovery of causal relationships and with a focus on
search for mechanisms.
In the first chapter, Merill Hiscock presents an overview of experimental
techniques and its adaptation in clinical neuropsychology, with a focus on
behavioral techniques and methods. Experimental behavioral techniques differs
from clinical neuropsychological methods in its utilization of normal healthy
individuals, its use of experimental designs and paradigms, and its roots in the
laboratory, rather than in the clinic.
This overview is followed by the chapters by Hugdahl and Banich, who more in
detail describes two common experimental techniques, namely dichotic listening and
the visual half-field technique, for the study of brain asymmetry and laterality. The
asymmetrical functions of the left and right hemispheres are key organizational
principles of the human brain, and as such critical for neuropsychology. Hugdahl
provides an overview of the use of dichotic listening in neuropsychology, based on
both experimental and clinical designs. Banich, similarly, shows how the visual half
field technique can be used to study both hemisphere separation and hemisphere
integration and interaction.
Margaret Bradley and Dean Sabatinelli present a new method to study the
complementary effects of attention and affect through recordings of the blink effect
as an index of startle behavior. This provides a window into emotional and affective
functioning which is less studied in neuropsychology than cognitive functioning.
Startle behavior is firmly rooted in animal neurophysiology which has produced
important clues to understanding of brain organization in neuropsychology.
The chapter by Holly Fitch and James Chrobak further probes into animal
models of neuropsychological function by providing an updated and comprehensive
review of the use of animal models of memory, focal brain injury, and
developmental disability, focusing on child language disorders. Their work have
involved experimentally induced neural disruption as a tool to study functional brain
organization in the intact and damaged brain.
The final four chapters deal with different brain methods, including both EEG,
MRI and TMS. Christina Krause reviews her work with EEG-based brain oscillation
frequencies and how these waves may provide a windows to the understanding of
cognitive function, especially memory. In the next chapter, Aina Puce and Robert
Savoy give an extensive presentation of functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), including the use of fMRI for the study of perception. They also provide
evidence for the use of fMRI in neuropsychology from studies of the normal and
diseased brain.
Hugo Theoret and Alvaro Pascual-Leone present the new technique of
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the study of cognition, and implications
for neuropsychology. The TMS technique provides information about neuronal
correlates of behavior and cognitive functions through registrations of how magnetic
stimulations interfere with behavior. An example is how stimulation of the language
areas interferes with speech production.
Lutz Jancke finally describes the new field of cognitive neuroanatomy. This field
has emerged as a powerful tool to bridge the gap between brain structure and
function, and to link cognitive function with brain structure through the use of a
variety of methods and techniques. Jancke reviews work with MR morphometry and
how analysis of brain morphology may be an important new method in
neuropsychology.
Special thanks to Mette Thomassen for all administrative help. Without her expertise
efforts much of the work would never have been done.
Kenneth Hugdahl
xii