Table Of Content

Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Cesar Sciammarella John Considine Paul Gloeckner Editors Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Series Editor Kristin B. Zimmerman, Ph.D. Society for Experimental Mechanics Bethel,CT,USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8922 Cesar Sciammarella (cid:129) John Considine (cid:129) Paul Gloeckner Editors Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Editors CesarSciammarella JohnConsidine IllinoisInstituteofTechnology USDAFSForestProductsLibrary Chicago,USA Edmonton,Alberta,Canada PaulGloeckner Cummins,Inc. Columbus,Indiana,USA ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic) ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries ISBN978-3-319-22448-0 ISBN978-3-319-22449-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015951227 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon #TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecific statement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof publication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface ExperimentalandAppliedMechanicsrepresentsoneofninevolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe2015SEMAnnual ConferenceandExpositiononExperimentalandAppliedMechanicsorganizedbytheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics andheldinCostaMesa,CA,June8–11,2015.ThecompleteProceedingsalsoincludesvolumesonDynamicBehaviorof Materials; Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials; Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics; MEMS and Nanotechnology; Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials; Mechanics of Composite & Multifunctional Materials; Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution; and Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & InfraredImaging,HybridTechniquesandInverseProblems. Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsofanimportanttopicwithin thefield ofExperimental Mechanics.Thisvolume includespapersonQuantitative Visualizations,Advanced Methods for FrontierApplications,Non-homogeneousParametersIdentification,TeachingExperimentalMechanicsintheTwenty-First Century,andtheMechanicsofInterfaces. Chicago,USA CesarSciammarella Edmonton,Alberta,Canada JohnConsidine Columbus,Indiana,USA PaulGloeckner v Contents 1 ExperimentalCharacterizationofShapeFixityinTransverselyCurvedUnimorph ShapeMemoryPolymerActuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 JasonT.Cantrell,JordanR.VanHall,AndieJ.Young,andPeterG.Ifju 2 Full-FieldThree-DimensionalCharacterizationofNon-repetitiveMotions bySingle-ShotMultiplexedDigitalHolography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MortezaKhaleghi,Je´re´mieGuignard,CosmeFurlong,andJohnJ.Rosowski 3 BasicFoundationsofSignalAnalysisModelsAppliedtoRetrievalofDisplacements andTheirDerivativesEncodedinFringePatterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 CesarSciammarellaandL.Lamberti 4 RecentOpticalMeasurementsfortheMechanicalPropertiesofThinFilms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chi-JiaTong,Y.-T.Wang,Y.-C.Cheng,andM.-T.Lin 5 EvaluationofthePenalizedLeastSquaresMethodforStrainComputation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Raphae¨lMoulartandRene´ Rotinat 6 SpeckleProjectionProfilometryUsingaDiffractiveTelecentricArrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 WadeGubbelsandGaryS.Schajer 7 UseofVFMforHeterogeneityEvaluationofMaterialsUnderUniaxialTensileStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 JohnConsidine,F.Pierron,andK.T.Turner 8 OptimizedTestDesignforIdentificationoftheVariationofElasticStiffness PropertiesofLoblollyPine(Pinustaeda)PithtoBark. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 67 D.E.Kretschmann,J.M.Considine,andF.Pierron 9 InvestigationoftheHydricTransferPhenomenoninWoodattheRingScale withtheGridMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 DjilyDang,EvelyneToussaint,MichelGre´diac,andRostandMoutouPitti 10 ExtensionoftheNon-linearVirtualFieldsMethodtoInertialHeterogeneous HighStrainRateTests.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 83 S.DreuilheandF.Pierron 11 ExperimentalMechanicsforGraduateStudents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ChristianFranck 12 BridgeFoundationDepthEstimationUsingSonicEchoTest. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 99 SamanRashidyan,Tang-tatNg,andArupMaji 13 DetonationofSmallChargesBuriedinCohesionlessSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 EveRoger,BenjaminLoret,andJeanPaulCalvel vii viii Contents 14 SimilitudeAnalysisofCompositeI-BeamswithApplicationtoSubcomponent TestingofWindTurbineBlades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 MohamadEydaniAsl,ChristopherNiezrecki,JamesSherwood,andPeterAvitabile 15 ValidatingFSISimulationsinLS-DYNA971R7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 KevinA.Gardner,JeremyD.Seidt,andAmosGilat 16 InVitroExperimentalStudyfortheDeterminationofCellularCharacteristicsofMesenchymal StemCellsUsingaNon-uniformDeformationField. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 YasuyukiMorita,ToshihiroSato,SachiWatanabe,andYangJu 17 DevelopmentofNewMethodforDirectMeasurementofHighStrainRate TestingParameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 RafidM.Kully 18 SimultaneousMeasurementofPolymerizationStressEvolution,ConversionKinetics, andExotherminReal-Time. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 149 ZhengzhiWang,ForrestA.Landis,AnthonyA.M.Giuseppetti, ShengLin-Gibson,andMartinY.M.Chiang 19 SymmetricandAsymmetricDoubleCantileverBeamMethodsforInterfacialAdhesion StrengthMeasurementinElectronicPackaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 TsgeredaAlazar,SantoshSankarasubramanian,SivakumarYagnamurthy, KyleYazzie,PilinLiu,andPramodMalatkar 20 ExperimentalStudyofMechanicalPerformanceinFrictionStirWelded DissimilarTitaniumAlloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 NehaKulkarniandM.Ramulu 21 TestingaMulti-bayBoxSubjectedtoCombinedLoads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 MarshallRouseandDawnJegley 22 AStudyontheGenerationofaFine-GrainedLayerinUpsetting BetweenFlatandConicalDies. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 183 RobertGoldstein,SergeiAlexandrov,DragisaVilotic,andLeposavaSidjanin 23 InterfaceMicrostructureandStrengthofTLPBondedIronandSteel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.H.M.E.RahmanandM.N.Cavalli Chapter 1 Experimental Characterization of Shape Fixity in Transversely Curved Unimorph Shape Memory Polymer Actuators JasonT.Cantrell,JordanR.VanHall,AndieJ.Young,andPeterG.Ifju Abstract Shapememorypolymers(SMP)havethepotentialtobeutilizedasalightweight,solidstateactuatorinmodern reconfigurablestructuresincludingasdeploymentsystemsforsatellitesolarpanelsormorphingaircraftwings.Thisstudyis ® predominantlyfocusedontheuseofVeriflex-S ,athermallyactivatedshapememorypolymer,andbi-directionalcarbon- fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)inaunimorphactuatorconfiguration. One ofthe deficiencies ofshapememorypolymer structuresisthelackofrecoveryafterasingleormultiplethermo-mechanicalcycle(s).Thenovelconceptofincorporating transversecurvatureintheCFRPsubstrate,similartothatofanextendabletapemeasurer,hasdemonstratedtheabilityto improveshaperecoverybyincreasingthebendingstiffnessoftheunimorphcompositeactuatortocompensateforthelackof recoveryoftheSMP.AnotherdeficiencyofSMPactuatorsisthelackofretentionofthestoredordeformedshapeovertime. This paper is concerned with the effect of transverse curvature on the shape fixity when the unimorph composite is mechanically deformed into a stored configuration. A set of experiments was designed to determine the influence of transverse curvature, the relative widths of SMP and CFRP substrate, and SMP thickness on actuator fixity after a thermo-mechanicalcycle. TheperformanceofSMPunimorphactuatorswith varying levelsoftransversecurvatureinthe substrate were evaluated versus SMP unimorph actuators with a flat substrate. The ability of the unimorph actuator to minimize shape retention loss was evaluated by determining the deflection angle over time after being released from the stored configuration. Experimental results indicate that in most circumstances transverse curvature does not negatively affecttheabilityoftheunimorphactuatortoretainitsshapefixity.Casesof100%orgreaterretentionofshapefixitywere documented which could lead to the expanded use of transversely curved shape memory polymer unimorph actuators in reconfigurablestructures. Keywords Shapememorypolymer•Unimorph•Transversecurvature•Composite•Shapefixity Nomenclature c Polymerwidth CF Carbonfiber CFRP Carbon-fiber-reinforcedpolymer COV Coefficientofvariation CTE Coefficientofthermalexpansion L Actuatorlength MAV Microairvehicle s Substratewidth SMP Shapememorypolymer t Polymerthickness T Glasstransitiontemperature g UCA Unimorphcompositeactuator ρ Substrateradiusofcurvature J.T.Cantrell(*)•J.R.VanHall•A.J.Young•P.G.Ifju DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofFlorida,231MAE-A,Gainesville,FL32611,USA e-mail:[email protected] #TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2016 1 C.Sciammarellaetal.(eds.),ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume4, ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7_1

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Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 of the Proceedings of the 2015SEM Annual Conference& Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the fourth volume of nine from the Conference, brings together contributions to important areas of research and engineering. The collection presents ear
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Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Cesar Sciammarella John Considine Paul Gloeckner Editors Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Series Editor Kristin B. Zimmerman, Ph.D. Society for Experimental Mechanics Bethel,CT,USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8922 Cesar Sciammarella (cid:129) John Considine (cid:129) Paul Gloeckner Editors Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Editors CesarSciammarella JohnConsidine IllinoisInstituteofTechnology USDAFSForestProductsLibrary Chicago,USA Edmonton,Alberta,Canada PaulGloeckner Cummins,Inc. Columbus,Indiana,USA ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic) ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries ISBN978-3-319-22448-0 ISBN978-3-319-22449-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015951227 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon #TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecific statement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof publication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface ExperimentalandAppliedMechanicsrepresentsoneofninevolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe2015SEMAnnual ConferenceandExpositiononExperimentalandAppliedMechanicsorganizedbytheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics andheldinCostaMesa,CA,June8–11,2015.ThecompleteProceedingsalsoincludesvolumesonDynamicBehaviorof Materials; Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials; Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics; MEMS and Nanotechnology; Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials; Mechanics of Composite & Multifunctional Materials; Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution; and Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & InfraredImaging,HybridTechniquesandInverseProblems. Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsofanimportanttopicwithin thefield ofExperimental Mechanics.Thisvolume includespapersonQuantitative Visualizations,Advanced Methods for FrontierApplications,Non-homogeneousParametersIdentification,TeachingExperimentalMechanicsintheTwenty-First Century,andtheMechanicsofInterfaces. Chicago,USA CesarSciammarella Edmonton,Alberta,Canada JohnConsidine Columbus,Indiana,USA PaulGloeckner v Contents 1 ExperimentalCharacterizationofShapeFixityinTransverselyCurvedUnimorph ShapeMemoryPolymerActuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 JasonT.Cantrell,JordanR.VanHall,AndieJ.Young,andPeterG.Ifju 2 Full-FieldThree-DimensionalCharacterizationofNon-repetitiveMotions bySingle-ShotMultiplexedDigitalHolography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MortezaKhaleghi,Je´re´mieGuignard,CosmeFurlong,andJohnJ.Rosowski 3 BasicFoundationsofSignalAnalysisModelsAppliedtoRetrievalofDisplacements andTheirDerivativesEncodedinFringePatterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 CesarSciammarellaandL.Lamberti 4 RecentOpticalMeasurementsfortheMechanicalPropertiesofThinFilms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chi-JiaTong,Y.-T.Wang,Y.-C.Cheng,andM.-T.Lin 5 EvaluationofthePenalizedLeastSquaresMethodforStrainComputation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Raphae¨lMoulartandRene´ Rotinat 6 SpeckleProjectionProfilometryUsingaDiffractiveTelecentricArrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 WadeGubbelsandGaryS.Schajer 7 UseofVFMforHeterogeneityEvaluationofMaterialsUnderUniaxialTensileStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 JohnConsidine,F.Pierron,andK.T.Turner 8 OptimizedTestDesignforIdentificationoftheVariationofElasticStiffness PropertiesofLoblollyPine(Pinustaeda)PithtoBark. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 67 D.E.Kretschmann,J.M.Considine,andF.Pierron 9 InvestigationoftheHydricTransferPhenomenoninWoodattheRingScale withtheGridMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 DjilyDang,EvelyneToussaint,MichelGre´diac,andRostandMoutouPitti 10 ExtensionoftheNon-linearVirtualFieldsMethodtoInertialHeterogeneous HighStrainRateTests.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 83 S.DreuilheandF.Pierron 11 ExperimentalMechanicsforGraduateStudents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ChristianFranck 12 BridgeFoundationDepthEstimationUsingSonicEchoTest. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 99 SamanRashidyan,Tang-tatNg,andArupMaji 13 DetonationofSmallChargesBuriedinCohesionlessSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 EveRoger,BenjaminLoret,andJeanPaulCalvel vii viii Contents 14 SimilitudeAnalysisofCompositeI-BeamswithApplicationtoSubcomponent TestingofWindTurbineBlades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 MohamadEydaniAsl,ChristopherNiezrecki,JamesSherwood,andPeterAvitabile 15 ValidatingFSISimulationsinLS-DYNA971R7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 KevinA.Gardner,JeremyD.Seidt,andAmosGilat 16 InVitroExperimentalStudyfortheDeterminationofCellularCharacteristicsofMesenchymal StemCellsUsingaNon-uniformDeformationField. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 YasuyukiMorita,ToshihiroSato,SachiWatanabe,andYangJu 17 DevelopmentofNewMethodforDirectMeasurementofHighStrainRate TestingParameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 RafidM.Kully 18 SimultaneousMeasurementofPolymerizationStressEvolution,ConversionKinetics, andExotherminReal-Time. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 149 ZhengzhiWang,ForrestA.Landis,AnthonyA.M.Giuseppetti, ShengLin-Gibson,andMartinY.M.Chiang 19 SymmetricandAsymmetricDoubleCantileverBeamMethodsforInterfacialAdhesion StrengthMeasurementinElectronicPackaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 TsgeredaAlazar,SantoshSankarasubramanian,SivakumarYagnamurthy, KyleYazzie,PilinLiu,andPramodMalatkar 20 ExperimentalStudyofMechanicalPerformanceinFrictionStirWelded DissimilarTitaniumAlloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 NehaKulkarniandM.Ramulu 21 TestingaMulti-bayBoxSubjectedtoCombinedLoads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 MarshallRouseandDawnJegley 22 AStudyontheGenerationofaFine-GrainedLayerinUpsetting BetweenFlatandConicalDies. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 183 RobertGoldstein,SergeiAlexandrov,DragisaVilotic,andLeposavaSidjanin 23 InterfaceMicrostructureandStrengthofTLPBondedIronandSteel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.H.M.E.RahmanandM.N.Cavalli Chapter 1 Experimental Characterization of Shape Fixity in Transversely Curved Unimorph Shape Memory Polymer Actuators JasonT.Cantrell,JordanR.VanHall,AndieJ.Young,andPeterG.Ifju Abstract Shapememorypolymers(SMP)havethepotentialtobeutilizedasalightweight,solidstateactuatorinmodern reconfigurablestructuresincludingasdeploymentsystemsforsatellitesolarpanelsormorphingaircraftwings.Thisstudyis ® predominantlyfocusedontheuseofVeriflex-S ,athermallyactivatedshapememorypolymer,andbi-directionalcarbon- fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)inaunimorphactuatorconfiguration. One ofthe deficiencies ofshapememorypolymer structuresisthelackofrecoveryafterasingleormultiplethermo-mechanicalcycle(s).Thenovelconceptofincorporating transversecurvatureintheCFRPsubstrate,similartothatofanextendabletapemeasurer,hasdemonstratedtheabilityto improveshaperecoverybyincreasingthebendingstiffnessoftheunimorphcompositeactuatortocompensateforthelackof recoveryoftheSMP.AnotherdeficiencyofSMPactuatorsisthelackofretentionofthestoredordeformedshapeovertime. This paper is concerned with the effect of transverse curvature on the shape fixity when the unimorph composite is mechanically deformed into a stored configuration. A set of experiments was designed to determine the influence of transverse curvature, the relative widths of SMP and CFRP substrate, and SMP thickness on actuator fixity after a thermo-mechanicalcycle. TheperformanceofSMPunimorphactuatorswith varying levelsoftransversecurvatureinthe substrate were evaluated versus SMP unimorph actuators with a flat substrate. The ability of the unimorph actuator to minimize shape retention loss was evaluated by determining the deflection angle over time after being released from the stored configuration. Experimental results indicate that in most circumstances transverse curvature does not negatively affecttheabilityoftheunimorphactuatortoretainitsshapefixity.Casesof100%orgreaterretentionofshapefixitywere documented which could lead to the expanded use of transversely curved shape memory polymer unimorph actuators in reconfigurablestructures. Keywords Shapememorypolymer•Unimorph•Transversecurvature•Composite•Shapefixity Nomenclature c Polymerwidth CF Carbonfiber CFRP Carbon-fiber-reinforcedpolymer COV Coefficientofvariation CTE Coefficientofthermalexpansion L Actuatorlength MAV Microairvehicle s Substratewidth SMP Shapememorypolymer t Polymerthickness T Glasstransitiontemperature g UCA Unimorphcompositeactuator ρ Substrateradiusofcurvature J.T.Cantrell(*)•J.R.VanHall•A.J.Young•P.G.Ifju DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofFlorida,231MAE-A,Gainesville,FL32611,USA e-mail:[email protected] #TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2016 1 C.Sciammarellaetal.(eds.),ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume4, ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7_1

Description:
Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 of the Proceedings of the 2015SEM Annual Conference& Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the fourth volume of nine from the Conference, brings together contributions to important areas of research and engineering. The collection presents ear
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