Exercises for Weather & Climate

261 Pages·2016·38.013 MB·English

by  Greg Carbone

Weather Conditions Weather Conditions (continued)
Cloud development Clouds generally State of sky on the Clouds generally Visibility reduced by Haze Widespread dust in Dust or sand raised Well developed Dust storm or sand-
NOT observed dissolving or be- whole unchanged forming or smoke suspension in the by wind at time of dust whirl(s) within storm within sight
or NOT observ- coming less during past hour developing during air, NOT raised by observation past hour of or at station
able during past developed during past hour wind, at time of during past hour
hour past hour observation
Light fog (mist) Patches of shallow More or less con- Lightning visible, no Precipitation within Precipitation within Precipitation within Thunderstorm, but no Squall(s) within sight Funnel cloud(s)
fog at station, tinuous shallow thunder heard sight, but NOT sight, reaching sight, reaching the precipitation at the during past hour or within sight of
NOT deeper than fog at station, reaching the the ground but ground, near to but station at time of observa- station at time of
6 feet on land NOT deeper than ground distant from NOT at station tion observation
6 feet on land station
Drizzle (NOT Rain (NOT freezing Snow (NOT falling Rain and snow or Freezing drizzle or Showers of rain Showers of snow, or Showers of hail, or of Fog during past hour, Thunderstorm (with
freezing) or snow and NOT falling as showers) ice pellets (NOT freezing rain (NOT during past hour, of rain and snow, hail and rain, during but NOT at time of or without precipi-
grains (NOT as showers) during past hour, falling as falling as but NOT at time during past hour, past hour, but NOT observation tation) during past
falling as show- during past hour, but NOT at time showers) during showers) during of observation but NOT at time of at time of observa- hour, but NOT at
ers) during past but NOT at time of observation past hour, but past hour, but observation tion time of observa-
hour, but NOT at of observation NOT at time of NOT at time of tion
time of observa- observation observation Severe dust storm Slight or moderate Heavy drifting snow, Slight or moderate Heavy blowing
tion or sandstorm has drifting snow, generally low blowing snow, snow, generally
begun or in- generally low (less generally high high
Slight or moderate Slight or moderate Slight or moderate Severe dust storm Severe dust storm creased during than 6 ft) (more than 6 ft)
dust storm or dust storm or dust storm or or sandstorm, has or sandstorm, no past hour
sandstorm has sandstorm, no sandstorm has decreased during appreciable
decreased during appreciable begun or past hour change during Fog or ice fog, sky Fog or ice fog, sky Fog or ice fog, sky Fog depositing rime, Fog depositing rime,
past hour change during increased during past hour NOT discernible, discernible, has NOT discernible, has sky discernible sky NOT
past hour past hour no appreciable begun or become begun or become discernible
change during thicker during past thicker during past
Fog or ice fog at Fog or ice fog in Fog or ice fog, sky Fog or ice fog, sky Fog or ice fog, sky past hour hour hour
distance at time patches discernible, has NOT discernible, discernible, no
of observation, become thinner has become appreciable Continuous drizzle Slight freezing Moderate or heavy Drizzle and rain, slight Drizzle and rain,
but NOT at sta- during past hour thinner during change during (NOT freezing), drizzle freezing drizzle moderate or
tion during past past hour past hour heavy at time of heavy
hour observation
Intermittent drizzle Continuous drizzle Intermittent drizzle Continuous drizzle Intermittent drizzle Continuous rain Slight freezing rain Moderate or heavy Rain or drizzle and Rain or drizzle and
(NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), freezing rain snow, slight snow, moderate
slight at time of slight at time of moderate at time moderate at time heavy at time of heavy at time of or heavy
observation observation of observation of observation observation observation
Intermittent rain Continuous rain Intermittent rain Continuous rain Intermittent rain Continuous fall of Ice prisms (with or Snow grains (with or Isolated starlike snow Ice pellets or snow
(NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), (NOT freezing), snowflakes, without fog) without fog) crystals (with or pellets
slight at time of slight at time of moderate at time moderate at time heavy at time of heavy at time of without fog)
observation observation of observation of observation observation observation
Slight snow Moderate or heavy Slight shower(s) of Moderate or heavy Slight shower(s) of
Intermittent fall of Continuous fall of Intermittent fall of Continuous fall of Intermittent fall of
shower(s) snow shower(s) snow pellets, or ice shower(s) of snow hail, with or
snowflakes, snowflakes, slight snowflakes, snowflakes, snowflakes, heavy
pellets with or pellets, or ice without rain or
slight at time of at time of moderate at time moderate at time at time of
without rain, or rain pellets, or ice rain and snow
observation observation of observation of observation observation
and snow mixed pellets with or mixed, not
without rain or rain associated with
Slight rain Moderate or heavy Violent rain Slight shower(s) of Moderate or heavy and snow mixed thunder
shower(s) rain shower(s) shower(s) rain and snow shower(s) of rain
mixed and snow mixed Slight or moderate Slight or moderate Heavy thunderstorm, Thunderstorm Heavy thunderstorm
thunderstorm thunderstorm, with without hail, but with combined with with hail at time of
without hail, but hail at time of rain and/or snow at dust storm or observation
Moderate or heavy Slight rain at time Moderate or heavy Slight snow, or rain Moderate or heavy with rain, and/or observation time of observation sandstorm at time
shower(s) of hail, of observation; rain at time of and snow mixed, snow, or rain and snow at time of of observation
with or without thun- derstorm observation; or hail at time of snow mixed, or observation
rain, or rain and during past hour, thunderstorm observation; hail at time of
snow mixed, not but NOT at time during past hour, thunderstorm observation;
associated with of observation but NOT at time during past hour, thunderstorm
thunder of observation but NOT at time during past hour,
of observation but NOT at time
of observation
EXERCISES

for
Weather
&
Climate
This page intentionally left blank
University of South Carolina – Columbia
Senior Geography & Meteorology Editor: Christian Bott ing
Executive Marketing Manager: Neena Bali
Program Manager: Anton Yakovlev
Editorial Assistant: Amy De Genaro
Marketing Assistant: Ami Sampat
Team Lead, Geosciences, Environmental Science, Chemistry: David Zielonka
Project Manager: Mike Reynolds
Media Producer: Timothy Hainley
Associate Content Producer: Jana Pratt
Cover Designer: Jeff Puda
Cover Photo Credit: Bennett Barthelemy / Aurora / Gett y Images
Inside Cover Credit: Table H from THE ATMOSPHERE: AN INTRODUCTION TO
METEOROLOGY, 13th ed., by Frederick K. Lutgens, Edward J. Tarbuck, and Dennis Tasa.
Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. Reprinted by permission.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with
permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Th is publication is protected by copyright, and
permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions,
request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights &
Permissions department, please visit htt p://www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work
are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks,
logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such
references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or
promotion of Pearson's products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between
the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affi liates, authors, licensees or distributors.
ISBN 10: 0-13-404136-4
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-404136-0
www.pearsonhighered.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10— V031—18 17 16
iv
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
CCContents
Interactive Media Exercises vi
Lab Correlations vii
Preface viii
1
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 1
MasteringM eteorology™ 2 Earth–Sun Geometry 11
3
MasteringM eteorology™ Th e Surface Energy Budget 25
4
Th e Global Energy Budget 37
5
MasteringM eteorology™ Atmospheric Moisture 45
6
Saturation and Atmospheric Stability 59
7
Cloud Droplets and Raindrops 71
8
Atmospheric Motion 81
9
Weather Map Analysis 101
10
Mid-Latitude Cyclones 117
MasteringM eteorology™ 11 Weather Forecasting 133
12
Th understorms and Tornadoes 149
13
MasteringM eteorology™ Hurricanes 167
14
MasteringM eteorology™ Climate Controls 181
15
Climate Classifi cation 197
16
Climatic Variability and Change 211
17
Simulating Climate Change 221
Appendix A Dimensions and Units 231
Appendix B Earth Measures 237
Appendix C Weather Symbols 243
v
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
IInteractive Media Exercises
2
MasteringMe teorology™ Earth–Sun Geometry Module 23–24
3
MasteringMe teorology™ Shortwave Radiation Module 34
3
MasteringMe teorology™ Long-wave Radiation Module 35
5
MasteringMe teorology™ Moisture Module 57–58
11
MasteringMe teorology™ Weather Forecasting Module 146–48
13
MasteringMe teorology™ Tropical Cyclones Module 179–80
MasteringMe teorology™ 14 Climate Controls Module 193–94
MasteringMe teorology™ 14 Africa ITCZ Module 194–95
vi
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
LLab Correlations
Exercises for Weather & Climate can be used in conjunction with any atmospheric science text. If you are
using a Pearson atmospheric science or weather and climate textbook, this workbook correlates to the
following chapters in Aguado and Burt’s Understanding Weather and Climate or Lutgens, Tarbuck, and
Tasa’s The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology.
Carbone Aguado & Burt Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Chapter Chapter Chapter
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 2
4 3 2, 3
5 5 4
6 6 4
7 7 5
8 4, 8 6, 7
9 9 9
10 10 9
11 13 12
12 11 10
13 12 11
14 15 15
15 15 15
16 16 14
17 16 14
vii
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
PPreface
Th is lab manual contains exercises for students in an introductory meteorology course. Its goal is to allow
students to explore concepts and data that illustrate the fundamental concepts taught in such a course. Th e
lab manual complements two Pearson weather and climate textbooks—Aguado and Burt’s Understanding
Weather and Climate and Lutgens, Tarbuck, and Tasa’s Th e Atmosphere. It should, however, serve students
in most weather and climate courses with exercises that reinforce lecture and textbook learning through
problem solving, critical thinking, data and map analysis, and hands-on experiments.
While we have retained many familiar components of the lab manual, many new features accompany this
edition:
• In the print version, new sections have been added to several labs to extend their scope.
• Case studies have been updated to more recent events.
• Questions and graphics have been overhauled in response to comments from my own students,
instructors at other universities, and the careful eye of reviewers.
Th e most notable additions include:
• A new section on variable gases (Lab 1)
• Improved Earth–Sun graphics (Lab 2)
• New questions on temperature controls (Lab 4)
• A new section on humidity and human comfort (Lab 5)
• Exercises using a recent southern US winter storm (Labs 7 and 10)
• New sections on tornado climatology (Lab 12) and Hurricane Sandy (Lab 13)
• Incorporation of data from the latest IPCC Fift h Assessment Report (Lab 17). 
Digital exercises in the manual are found at www.MasteringMeteorology.com. Four significant digital
components are new to this edition:
• Th e 9th edition is now supported by the MasteringMeteorology online homework, tutorial, and
media platform. MasteringMeteorology delivers engaging, dynamic learning opportunities—
focused on course objectives and responsive to each student’s progress—that are proven to
help students absorb course material and understand diffi cult concepts. Assignable activities in
MasteringMeteorology include Pre-Lab and Post-Lab quizzes, Interactive Media Modules, GIS-
inspired MapMaster Interactive Maps, Encounter Meteorology Explorations using Google Earth™,
GeoTutors on the most challenging topics in the geosciences, Geoscience Animations, and more.
MasteringMeteorology also includes all instructor resources and a robust Study Area with resources
for students , as well as an optional Pearson eText version of the lab manual .
• Each lab now has a mobile enabled Pre-Lab Video that highlights what students should expect
to learn. These three-minute introductions put the exercises in a broader context by reviewing
fundamental concepts and identifying specifi c challenges to the material. Narrated by a student,
they bring the perspective of someone who has used the lab manual.
viii
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.