Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia: Theory and Practice of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise PDF
Preview Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia: Theory and Practice of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise
Kazumi Kawahira Megumi Shimodozono Tomokazu Noma Editors Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia Theory and Practice of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise 123 Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia Kazumi Kawahira • Megumi Shimodozono Tomokazu Noma Editors Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia Theory and Practice of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise Editors Kazumi Kawahira Megumi Shimodozono Laboratory of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise Rehabilitation and Phy. Med. Kirameki Terrace Health Care Hospital Kagoshima University Kagoshima city, Kagoshima, Japan Kirishima, Japan Tomokazu Noma Department of Rehabilitation Nihon Fukushi University Handa, Aichi, Japan Translators Hiroko Itoh Geoffrey Tozer Edward Fisher Walk100Phyisio Chiryoshitsu Tokyo, Japan ISBN 978-981-19-0788-3 ISBN 978-981-19-0789-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0789-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 This English edition was published as a co-edition with its original Japanese language edition, Katamahi Kaifuku no tameno Undo Ryouhou, copyright © 2017 by Igaku-Shoin Ltd., Tokyo Japan. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface for the Third Edition in Japanese RFE (Repetitive Facilitative Exercise), which the authors advocate is the neural net contracture therapy, achieves and repeats the patients’ intended movement in order to reconstruct/ strengthen the nerve pathway needed to accomplish the voluntary movements. RFE explored a new theory focusing on standing on the intact lower limb for therapy during gait training. RFE has its principle in the selective reconstruction/strengthening (facilitation of learning) of damaged nerve paths, not only for cases with hemiplegia in the upper limbs, in particular finger movements that were not responsive to conventional treatment, but also for the hemiplegic in the lower limbs as well as those with walking impairment for which the effect of conventional treatment was limited. Thus, it may be an effective rehabilitation technique for paralysis and sensory disorder due to a cerebral stroke, spinal injury, or peripheral nerve damage. In recent years, RFE has proven effective not only in the recovery phase but also in acute and chronic phases. The nerve paths can be strengthened by RFE. Moreover, the effect of com- bining therapy using RFE with continuous electric stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimula- tion, botulinum therapy, robot, etc., which enhances the effect of RFE, has each been reported. In rehabilitation after neurological regenerative medicine, RFE, which can facilitate the tar- geted neural pathways, and combination therapy (neural modulation), which makes RFE more effective, will be essential. RFE can reconstruct and strengthen the target nerve pathways selectively. RFE develop- ment that strengthens the target nerve pathways effectively was supported by the idea of local- ized brain functions, information processing, and the plasticity after the brain was injured. They were clarified with basic studies on monkeys and clinical studies on humans using fMRI, PET, and MEG. These facts provided a new perspective and logical development for the thera- pies to facilitate the recovery from hemiplegia, bringing about a drastic change in the exercise as well as occupational therapies for paralysis and apraxia due to cerebral stroke and other central nervous disorders. It replaced the conventional method where the disorder is inter- preted based on reflex theory and set up a treatment plan. We began to consider scientific treat- ment emphasizing the construction of nerve pathways by forming the synapse and improving transmission efficiency, based on localized brain functions, a central program, and a neural net. No new treatment can be developed without this method, as it is indispensable for developing new treatment. This book has been written to assist the therapist’s understanding of RFE. First, it briefly explains the localized brain functions, voluntary movements, plasticity of the brain function, sprouting of nerves and other structures, and strengthening mechanisms for nerve pathways. It then presents a proven effect from RFE and describes the basic manual exercise techniques and combination therapies. In this edition, we placed particular emphasis on (1) extra content written by Dr. Megumi Shimodozono and Dr. Tomokazu Noma, (2) color photos, figures, and tables to elaborate the RFE treatment technique and update the video as Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM), (3) reasonable treatment strategy by adding scientific evidence on treatment effects, and (4) explanations over treatment for walking disorders. v vi Preface for the Third Edition in Japanese However, we decided to select only those procedures that are important in daily clinical practice as ESM. We could not present all the procedures as there are a tremendous number of them. Moreover, there are many new papers being published. We appreciate your understand- ing with our limitations. Many people supported the publication of this book and we express our sincere gratitude toward Ms. Ikumi Nagamori, an occupational therapist who appears as a model in the photos and movies; Dr. Seiji Etoh, Dr. Atsuko Ogata, and Dr. Shuji Matsumoto, who provided their research data; Dr. Tazu Aoki, who provided proofreading on chapter one; OG Wellness Technologies Co., Ltd.; and ITO Co., Ltd., who provided the photo shooting devices. Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan Kazumi Kawahira April 2017 Preface for the First Edition in Japanese A recent development in the study of brain science has clarified that neural stem cells also exist in the central nervous system of adults and that the plasticity of the brain is larger and faster than assumed previously. The clinical treatment of functional reconstruction, and regenerative medicine using neural stem cells, is becoming a reality. On the other hand, the response to rehabilitation medicine/treatment has not been adequate yet. Rehabilitation medicine/treat- ment should be most enthusiastic in developing a technique to reconstruct and strengthen nerve paths. In spite of efficient reconstruction, nerve path strengthening is required for recovery from hemiplegia. CI therapy (constraint-induced movement therapy) is regarded as a cutting-edge therapy, which may be a result of insufficient effort by the persons involved in rehabilitation medicine. CI therapy is inefficient and demands repeated trial and error from the patient. A “facilitation technique” has been used for the rehabilitation of central paralysis, aiming at achieving the patients’ intended movements more easily. However, its scientific evidence is insufficient due to a lack of treatment details and assessment methodology. The Japanese Guideline for the Management of Strokes, 2004 classified the facilitation technique as Grade C1: Meaning it could be considered for practice but there is inadequate scientific evidence, even if its period of literature retrieval is considered, which is limited to the years 1960–2002. For this version, I wanted to publish this book in order to change the situation. I hope I can contribute to establishing a “real facilitation technique” which medical doctors striving in the advanced treatment and research of selective thrombolytic therapy, neural stem cell trans- plants, and other fields can trust as the rehabilitation technique that reconstructs and strength- ens nerve paths in a short period of time. I received much support during the publication process. In particular, I wish to express my sincere gratitude toward Emeritus Professor Nobuyuki Tanaka for his guidance on the theory, Mr. Tomokazu Noma, Occupational Therapist for his photo shootings, Ms. Ayako Hitouji and Ms. Saori Baba for their modeling, and Dr. Seiji Etoh, Dr. Shuji Matsumoto, and Dr. Megumi Shimodozono for providing research data. I also truly appreciate Mr. Satoshi Ohno, Mr. Mitsuo Ando, and IGAKU SHOIN for their patience over my repeated corrections. Kirishima, Japan Kazumi Kawahira February 2006 vii Contents Part I Basics 1 Theory of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Kazumi Kawahira, Megumi Shimodozono, and Tomokazu Noma Part II Practice 2 Principles and Basic Techniques for Repetitive Facilitative Exercise . . . . . . . . . . 39 Kazumi Kawahira 3 Planning Treatment Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Kazumi Kawahira 4 Repetitive Facilitative Exercise for the Upper Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Kazumi Kawahira 5 Repetitive Facilitative Exercise for the Lower Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Kazumi Kawahira 6 Walking Training to Utilize the Function of the Affected Lower Limb . . . . . . . . .137 Kazumi Kawahira 7 Basic Natural Movements (Rolling Over, Sitting Up, Standing Up, and Sitting Down from a Standing Position) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Kazumi Kawahira Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 ix Part I Basics Theory of Repetitive Facilitative 1 Exercise Kazumi Kawahira, Megumi Shimodozono, and Tomokazu Noma 1.1 D ifferent Functions in Different Parts parts, and each of these parts has its own function. The mini- of the Brain mal unit is a cortical column—a cylinder measuring about 0.5 mm in diameter, where cells related to a specific func- The cerebral cortex has an area of 2600 cm2 and contains tion are grouped (Fig. 1.1). Information enters different approximately 28 × 109 neurons and another 28 × 109 glial parts of the cortex and is processed in parallel. The two cells, which form the neural pathways. Each individual neu- hemispheres of the brain exchange information across the ron can form thousands of links with other neurons, creating cerebral cortex via commissural fibers that run through the a network of over 1012 synapses. The cortex has several corpus callosum. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at [https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 981- 19- 0789- 0_1]. K. Kawahira (*) Laboratory of Repetitive Facilitative Exercise, Kirameki Terrace Health Care Hospital, Kagoshima city, Kagoshima, Japan M. Shimodozono Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan T. Noma Department of Rehabilitation, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Aichi, Japan © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 3 K. Kawahira et al. (eds.), Exercise Therapy for Recovery from Hemiplegia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0789-0_1
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