Exercise Physiology: Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition: Volume 2 Tests, Procedures and Data

379 Pages·2001·5.32 MB·English

by  R.G. Eston

KINANTHROPOMETRY AND EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 2: EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
This is the second edition of the highly successful Kinanthropometry and
Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual. Developed as a key resource for
lecturers and students of kinanthropometry, sports science, human movement and
exercise physiology, this edition is thoroughly revised and completely up-to-
date. Now divided into two volumes—Anthropometry and Exercise Physiology—
this manual provides:
• help in the planning and conduct of practical sessions
• comprehensive theoretical background on each topic, and up-to-date
information so that there is no need for additional reading
• seven entirely new chapters providing a balance between kinanthropometry
and physiology
• eleven self-standing chapters in each volume which are independent of each
other, enabling the reader to pick out topics of interest in any order
• a wide range of supporting diagrams, photographs and tables
Volume 1: Anthropometry covers body composition, proportion, size, growth and
somatotype and their relationship with health and performance; methods for
evaluating posture and range of motion; assessment of physical activity and
energy balance with particular reference to the assessment of performance in
children; the relationship between anthropometry and body image; statistics and
scaling methods in kinanthropometry and exercise physiology.
Volume 2: Exercise Physiology covers the assessment of muscle function
including aspects of neuromuscular control and electromyography, the oxygen
transport system and exercise including haematology, lung and cardiovascular
function; assessment of metabolic rate, energy and efficiency including
thermoregulation; and assessment of maximal and submaximal energy
expenditure and control, including the use of heart rate, blood lactate and
perceived exertion.
An entire one-stop resource, these volumes present laboratory procedures next
to real-life practical examples with appropriate data. In addition, each chapter is
ii
conveniently supplemented by a complete review of contemporary literature, as
well as theoretical overviews, offering an excellent basic introduction to each topic.
Dr Roger Eston is Reader and Head of the School of Sport, Health and
Exercise Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, and Professor Thomas Reilly
is Director of the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University. Both editors are practising kinanthropometrists and
collaborate in conducting workshops for the British Association for Sport and
Exercise Sciences.
KINANTHROPOMETRY
AND EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY
LABORATORY MANUAL
SECOND EDITION
Volume 2: Exercise Physiology Tests, procedures and data
Edited by Roger Eston and Thomas Reilly
London and New York
First edition published 1996 by E & FN Spon,
an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Second edition published 2001 by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of
thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 1996 E & F N Spon; 2001 Roger Eston and Thomas Reilly for selection and
editorial matter; individual contributors their contribution
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-47425-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-78249-6 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-251877 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-251885 (pbk)
CONTENTS
List of contributors xii
Preface x iii
Introduction xv
PART ONE: NEUROMUSCULAR ASPECTS OF MOVEMENT 1
1 Skeletal muscle function 2
Vasilios Baltzopoulos and Nigel P.Gleeson
1.1 Aims 2
1.2 Introduction 2
1.3 Physiological aspects of muscle and joint function 3
1.4 Mechanical aspects of muscle and joint function 6
1.5 Isokinetic dynamometry applications 12
1.6 Practical 1: Assessment of muscle function during isokinetic 24
knee extension and flexion
1.7 Practical 2: Assessment of isometric force-joint position 29
relationship
1.8 Practical 3: Assessment of knee joint proprioception 30
performance: reproduction of passive joint positioning
1.9 Practical 4: Assessment of knee joint proprioception 33
performance: reproduction of net joint torque
References 35
2 Assessment of neuromuscular performance using 41
electromyography
Nigel P.Gleeson
2.1 Aims 41
2.2 Introduction 41
vi
2.3 Factors influencing the electromyographic signal 43
2.4 Electrodes 45
2.5 Overview of hardware 48
2.6 Recording of data 49
2.7 Selected applications utilizing electromyographic 51
techniques
2.8 Measurement utility: principles of measurement and 56
evaluation in indices of neuromuscular performance
involving EMG
2.9 Practical 1: Assessment of electromechanical delay of the 62
knee flexors associated with static maximal voluntary
muscle actions
2.10 Practical 2: Assessment of electromyographic signal 67
amplitude and force of the knee flexors associated with
static voluntary muscle actions
References 72
PART TWO: OXYGEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND EXERCISE 75
3 Lung function 76
Roger G.Eston
3.1 Aims 76
3.2 Introduction 76
3.3 Evaluation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise 78
3.4 Post-exercise changes in lung function 82
3.5 Assessment of resting lung function 82
3.6 Pulmonary diffusing capacity 93
3.7 Sources of variation in lung function testing 94
3.8 Lung function in special populations 97
3.9 Prediction of lung function 98
3.10 Definition of obstructive and restrictive ventilatory defects 99
3.11 Practical exercises 1 00
3.12 Practical 1: Assessment of resting lung volumes 1 01
3.13 Practical 2: Assessment of lung volumes during exercise 1 04
vii
3.14 Practical 3: Measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity 1 06
3.15 Practical 4: Measurement of oxygen uptake by closed- 1 09
circuit spirometry
References 1 10
4 Haematology 1 15
Ron Maughan, John Leiper and Mike Greaves
4.1 Aims 1 15
4.2 Introduction 1 15
4.3 Blood sampling and handling 1 17
4.4 Blood treatment after collection 1 22
4.5 Measurement of circulating haemoglobin concentration 1 24
4.6 Measurement of red cell parameters 1 29
4.7 Anaemia and measurement of iron status 1 31
4.8 Altitude training, blood doping and erythropoietin 1 32
4.9 Blood and plasma volume changes 1 33
References 1 36
5 Cardiovascular function 1 37
Nigel T.Cable
5.1 Aims 1 37
5.2 Introduction 1 37
5.3 Cardiovascular adjustments during exercise 1 38
5.4 Control of blood flow at rest and during exercise 1 43
5.5 Control of skin blood flow during exercise 1 45
5.6 Measurement of blood pressure 1 47
5.7 Measurement of peripheral blood flow 1 49
5.8 Practical exercises 1 52
5.9 Practical 1: Skin blood flow response to reactive 1 52
hyperaemia and exercise
5.10 Practical 2: Acute effects of exercise on cardiovascular 1 54
function
5.11 Practical 3: Exercise pressor response 1 56
viii
References 1 57
PART ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY 1 60
THREE:
6 Basal metabolic rate 1 61
Carlton B.Cooke
6.1 Aims 1 61
6.2 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 1 61
6.3 Measurement of energy expenditure 1 64
6.4 Practical 1: Estimation of body surface area and resting 1 64
metabolic rate
6.5 Practical 2: Estimation of resting metabolic rate from fat- 1 65
free mass
6.6 Practical 3: Measurement of oxygen uptake using the 1 65
Douglas bag technique
6.7 Practical 4: The respiratory quotient 1 76
6.8 Practical 5: Estimation of RMR using the Douglas bag 1 79
technique
6.9 Practical 6: Energy balance 1 80
6.10 Summary 1 87
References 1 87
7 Maximal oxygen uptake, economy and efficiency 1 89
Carlton B.Cooke
7.1 Aims 1 89
7.2 Introduction 1 89
7.3 Direct determination of maximal oxygen uptake 1 90
7.4 Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake 1 97
7.5 Economy 1 99
7.6 Efficiency 2 05
7.7 Load carriage 2 08
7.8 Practical 1: Direct determination of O using a 2 13
2
discontinuous cycle ergometer protocol
ix
7.9 Practical 2: Measurement of running economy 2 16
7.10 Practical 3: Measurement of loaded running efficiency 2 18
(LRE)
7.11 Practical 4: Measurement of the efficiency of cycling and 2 21
stepping
7.12 Practical 5: The effects of load carriage on the economy of 2 23
walking
References 2 24
8 Thermoregulation 2 29
Thomas Reilly and Nigel T.Cable
8.1 Aims 2 29
8.2 Introduction 2 29
8.3 Processes of heat loss/heat gain 2 29
8.4 Control of body temperature 2 31
8.5 Thermoregulation and other control systems 2 34
8.6 Measurement of body temperature 2 36
8.7 Thermoregulatory responses to exercise 2 38
8.8 Environmental factors 2 38
8.9 Anthropometry and heat exchange 2 43
8.10 Practical exercises 2 45
8.11 Practical 1: Muscular efficiency 2 45
8.12 Practical 2: Thermoregulatory responses to exercise 2 46
8.13 Practical 3: Estimation of partitional heat exchange 2 48
References 2 49
PART ASSESSMENT AND REGULATION OF ENERGY 2 51
FOUR: EXPENDITURE AND EXERCISE INTENSITY
9 Control of exercise intensity using heart rate, perceived 2 52
exertion and other non-invasive procedures
Roger G.Eston and John G.Williams
9.1 Aims 2 52
9.2 Introduction 2 52