Exercise and diet motivation of overweight women : an application of the theory of planned behavior

202 Pages·2003·8.3 MB·English

by  Gardner, Rebecca Ellis

EXERCISEANDDIETMOTIVATIONOFOVERWEIGHTWOMEN:
ANAPPLICATIONOFTHETHEORYOFPLANNEDBEHAVIOR
By
REBECCAELLISGARDNER
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2003
Copyright©2003
by
RebeccaEllisGardner
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Itismydesiretotakethisopportunitytoexpressmyappreciationandgratitudeto
themanypeoplewhohaveassistedmeduringthisdissertationprocess.Firstand
foremost,Iwouldliketothankmyadvisorandmentor,Dr.HeatherHausenblas,forher
support,encouragement,guidance,patience,andfriendship.IknowthattheprogressI
havemadeistheresultoftheamountoftimeshehastakentoanswer“quickquestions,”
editpapers,listentopracticepresentations,andprepareforjobinterviews.Withouther,
thisdocumentneverwouldhavebeenconceived.Second,Iwouldliketothankmy
remainingcommitteemembers:Drs.ChrisJanelle,MilledgeMurphey,andCarolyn
Tucker.IhavebeenshapedbyallofthemandIhopetodisplayaspectsofeachoftheir
mentoringstyles,researchknowledge,andprofessionaldemeanorasIbeginmycareeras
afacultymember.
Third,Iwouldliketoacknowledgealloftheindividualswhohelpedmewith
programplanning,recruitingparticipants,andcollectingandenteringdata.First,Iwould
liketothankKarlaPaganShelnuttforherassistanceindesigningthediet.Iadmireher
unselfishnessandherwillingnesstohelpmewhenshewasinthemidstofpreparingfor
herqualifyingexams.Second,withoutthesupportandenthusiasmofKellyGreenoand
MikePullumfromtheYMCA,andCherHarrisandAshleyMustardfromtheSRFC,this
dissertationwouldnothavebeenpossible.Thesepeoplewereinstrumentalduringthis
process,fromgivingmeaplacetoconducttheweight-lossgroupstoallowingmeto
comeintotheir“space”andworkwithoutdistraction.IamalsogratefultoPatriciaLinn
forherincrediblededicationtothisprojectduringthepastyear.Trishtookworkhome
withher,rantothelibrarytofetchreferences,satinanuncomfortablechairforhours
enteringdata,andgaveupseveralweekendstocodefoodlogs.Iamabsolutelypositive
thatwithoutherhelp,Iwouldstillbeenteringdatatoday!
Fourth,Iwouldliketosaythankstomyoldestanddearestfriends(Debbie
Cheaves,DawnSmith,AndyNoble,JasonKarnes,andLauraFox)whohavesupported
meandkeptmefocusedonthefinishline,whileremindingmeofwhatistrulyimportant
inlife.IthankLoriGibbsandGaryNaveforbeingexcellentpeopletoworkwith.Their
genuineinterestinmylifeandmyfamilyhasalwaysbeencomforting.Also,Ithankthe
friendsImadewhileattheUniversityofFloridaforallofthewonderfulmemories©
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyfamilyfortheircontinuedloveandsupport.I
honestlybelievethatIhavethegreatestparentsintheworld,andIamforevergratefulfor
alloftheopportunitiestheyaffordedmeovertheyearstoreachmypotential.Ithankmy
brothersandsisters-in-lawforkeepingmegroundedduringthisentireprocess.Iwould
alsoliketothankmyhusband,Chris,forhisdevotionandsupportduringmygraduate
career.ThesacrificeshemadesoIcouldcompletethisprojectaretoonumerousto
mention,butIknowthatIwouldnothavefinishedwithouthim.Finally,Iwouldliketo
thankmyson,Clayton,forbeingsuchawonderfulbaby.Iamgratefulthathewill
probablyhavenomemoryoftheamountoftimeIspentapartfromhimduringthis
process.Anddespitethetimeaway,healwayswelcomedmewithasmilethenext
morning.
IV
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
LISTOFTABLES viii
ABSTRACT x
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
TheTheoryofPlannedBehavior:AnOverview 2
TheoryofPlannedBehaviorAppliedtoExerciseandDiet 5
SpecificResearchArticles 5
Reviews 8
LimitationsoftheTheoryofPlannedBehavior 10
ElicitationStudies 10
OperationalizationandMeasurementofPerceivedBehavioralControl 13
OperationalizationandMeasurementofSubjectiveNorm 15
ScaleCorrespondence 16
FutureDirections 18
Summary 20
PurposeoftheDissertation 20
2 WSOTUMDEYN:1:AENXEERLCIICSIETAATNIDONDISETTUBDEYLUIESFISNGOFTHOEVETRHWEEOIRGYHOTF
PLANNEDBEHAVIOR 22
Method 26
Participants 26
Measures 27
Procedure:SampleOne 36
Procedure:SampleTwo 39
DataAnalysis 42
Results 43
SampleOne 43
SampleTwo 56
Discussion 59
PreludetoChapter3 66
v
3 STUDY2:EXERCISEANDDIETDETERMINANTSDURINGA
WEIGHT-LOSSPROGRAM:APROSPECTIVEEXAMINATION 67
Method 70
Participants 70
Measures 74
Procedure 87
DataAnalysis 93
Results 94
SampleOne 94
SampleTwo 105
Discussion 124
4 GENERALDISCUSSION 133
SummaryoftheDissertationStudies 133
Study1:ElicitationStudy 133
Study2:ProspectiveStudy 135
StrengthsoftheDissertationStudies 136
LimitationsoftheDissertationStudies 138
RecommendationsforFutureResearch 140
Conclusion 143
APPENDIX
A PERSONALHISTORYQUESTIONNAIRE(VERSIONA) 144
B PERSONALHISTORYQUESTIONNAIRE(VERSIONB) 145
C LEISURE-TIMEEXERCISEQUESTIONNAIRE 147
D ELICITATIONQUESTIONNAIRE 148
E IRBAPPROVALFORELICITATIONSTUDY(SAMPLEONE) 151
F CONSENTFORMFORELICITATIONSTUDY(SAMPLEONE) 152
G IRBAPPROVALFORELICITATIONSTUDY(SAMPLETWO)AND
PROSPECTIVESTUDY 153
H CONSENTFORMFORELICITATIONSTUDY(SAMPLETWO)AND
PROSPECTIVESTUDY 154
I PHYSICALACTIVITYREADINESSQUESTIONNAIRE 156
J ATTITUDEITEMS 157
vi
K SUBJECTIVENORMITEMS 159
L PERCEIVEDBEHAVIORALCONTROLITEMS 160
M INTENTIONITEMS 161
N BEHAVIORALBELIEFS 162
O CONTROLBELIEFS 163
P NORMATIVEBELIEFS 165
Q EXERCISEATTENDANCELOG 166
R DIETFOODLOGS 167
S YMCAADVERTISEMENT. 174
T SRFCSUMMERSEMESTERADVERTISEMENT 175
U SRFCFALLSEMESTERADVERTISEMENT 176
REFERENCES 177
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 190
Vll
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
2-1 DemographicProfileoftheParticipantsinSampleOne 28
2-2 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresoftheDemographic
CharacteristicsandtheLeisure-TimeExerciseQuestionnaireforthe
ParticipantsinSampleOne 30
2-3 DemographicProfileoftheParticipantsinSampleTwo 31
2-4 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresoftheDemographic
2- CharacteristicsandtheLeisure-TimeExerciseQuestionnaireforthe
ParticipantsinSampleTwo 33
3-
2-5 Type,Number(N),andPercent(%)ofExerciseandDietBeliefs
ReportedbySampleOne 44
2-6 Type,Number(N),andPercent(%)ofExerciseandDietBeliefs
ReportedbySampleTwo 49
2-7 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresfortheBody
CompositionMeasurementsfromPretoPostprogramforSampleOne 57
8 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresfortheBody
CompositionMeasurementsfromPretoPostprogramforSampleTwo 59
1 DemographicProfileoftheParticipantsinSampleOne 71
3-2 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresoftheDemographic
CharacteristicsandtheLeisure-TimeExerciseQuestionnaireforthe
ParticipantsinSampleOne 73
3-3 DemographicProfileoftheParticipantsinSampleTwo 75
3-4 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresoftheDemographic
CharacteristicsandtheLeisure-TimeExerciseQuestionnaireforthe
ParticipantsinSampleTwo 77
viii
1
Table page
3-5 Mean(M),StandardDeviation(SD)Scores,andReliabilities(a)ofthe
TheoryofPlannedBehaviorConstructsforSampleOne 96
3-6 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresfortheBodyComposition
andPhysicalFitnessMeasurementsfromPretoPostprogramand
Postprogramto1-MonthFollow-UpforSampleOne 97
3-7 PearsonCorrelationsAmongtheExerciseTheoryofPlannedBehavior
Constructs,Beliefs,Behavior,Age,andBodyMassIndexforSampleOne 99
3-8 PearsonCorrelationsAmongtheDietTheoryofPlannedBehavior
Constructs,Beliefs,Behavior,Age,andBodyMassIndexforSampleOne...100
3-9 HierarchicalRegressionAnalysesfortheExerciseTheoryofPlanned
BehaviorConstructsforSampleOne 102
3-10 HierarchicalRegressionAnalysesfortheDietTheoryofPlanned
BehaviorConstructsforSampleOne 106
3-11 Mean(M),StandardDeviation(SD)Scores,andReliabilities(a)ofthe
TheoryofPlannedBehaviorConstructsforSampleTwo 11
3-12 Mean(M)andStandardDeviation(SD)ScoresfortheBodyComposition
andPhysicalFitnessMeasurementsfromPretoPostprogramand
Postprogramto1-MonthFollow-UpforSampleTwo 112
3-13 PearsonCorrelationsAmongtheExerciseTheoryofPlannedBehavior
Constructs,Beliefs,Behavior,Age,andBodyMassIndexforSampleTwo...113
3-14 PearsonCorrelationsAmongtheDietTheoryofPlannedBehavior
Constructs,Beliefs,Behavior,Age,andBodyMassIndexforSampleTwo...114
3-15 HierarchicalRegressionAnalysesfortheExerciseTheoryofPlanned
BehaviorConstructsforSampleTwo 116
3-16 HierarchicalRegressionAnalysesfortheDietTheoryofPlanned
BehaviorConstructsforSampleTwo 121
IX
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeof
DoctorofPhilosophy
EXERCISEANDDIETMOTIVATIONOFOVERWEIGHTWOMEN:AN
APPLICATIONOFTHETHEORYOFPLANNEDBEHAVIOR
By
RebeccaEllisGardner
August2003
Chair:HeatherA.Hausenblas
MajorDepartment:ExerciseandSportSciences
Physicalactivityandmaintainingahealthybodyweightareassociatedwith
numerousphysicalandpsychologicalbenefitsincludingareducedriskofheartdisease,
cancer,depression,andanxiety.Despitethesebenefits,about60%ofAmericanadultsare
notphysicallyactiveand64%areoverweightandobese.Thus,thereisaneedfor
theoreticalresearchonthedeterminantsofexerciseanddietbehavioramongindividuals
whoarephysicallyinactive,overweight,andobese.Therefore,thegeneralobjectiveof
thisdissertationwastoexaminetheutilityofthetheoryofplannedbehavior(TPB)for
predictingoverweightwomen’sexerciseanddietintentionandbehavior.Twostudies
wereconductedtoachievethisobjective:
• Study1wasanelicitationstudyusingtheTPBtoexaminetheexerciseanddiet
beliefsofoverweightwomenandstudentswhowereparticipatingina4-week
weight-lossprogram.
• Study2wasaprospectiveexaminationofoverweightwomen’sandstudents’exercise
anddietintentionandbehaviorduringa4-weekweight-lossprogramusingtheTPB.
x