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Examining the Ability of Social Learning and Low Self-Control PDF

232 Pages·2016·1.72 MB·English
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e . t r INVESTIGATING CONSUMER DEMAND FOR COUNTERFEIT GuOODS: o EXAMINING THE ABILITY OF SOCIAL LEARNING AND LOW SELF-CONTROL b TO EXPLAIN VOLITIONAL PURCHASE OF NON-DECEPTIVE COUNTERFEITh PRODUCTS IN AN EASTERN EUROPEYAN COLLEGEi SAMPLE r t u t By P s a O i Zoltán Levente Fejes d e C r h o t R , f O e o t H i n c o T , i U y s p s A o i m c A DISSERTATION r t e o Submitted to pMichigan State University n in partial fulfillment of the requirements t for the degree of o u Criminal Justice – Doctor of Philosophy D o h 2016 t i w ABSTRACT INVESTIGATING CONSUMER DEMAND FOR COUNTERFEIT GOODS: EXAMINING THE ABILITY OF SOCIAL LEARNING AND LOW SELF-CONeTROL TO EXPLAIN VOLITIONAL PURCHASE OF NON-DECEPTIVE COUNTERFEIT . t PRODUCTS IN AN EASTERN EUROPEAN COLLEGE SAMPLE r u o By b h Y i Zoltán Levente Fejes r t u t P Product counterfeiting is an interdisciplinary phenomenon thsat has relatively recently a O i d emerged as a field of interest for criminologists. Consequently, a clear understanding of product e C counterfeiting from a criminological perspective is lackinrg, as the applicahtion of criminological o t theory to this crime type as well as anRy guidance for the analyses of the phenomenon is limited at , f this time (Heinonen, Holt & WilOson, 2012). e o t The examination of Hthe purchase ofi counterfeit goonds from a criminological perspective c o is appropriate and oppoTrtune not only due to its role as an ‘enabler’ of counterfeit trade (without , i U y s demand there would be no or severely limited1 trade of counterfeit goods), but also due to the p s A fact that, at least in some coountries2, the acqiuiring of fake goods has moved in the realm of m c criminalized activities. Furthermore, the lack of application of criminological theory to the r phenomenon is a cotnsiderable gap ein the literature. The proposed dissertation aims to address o p this gap by tesnting core elements of two competing theoretical explanations: Akers’ Social t Learning Theory (SLT) and Gottfriedson and Hirschi’s Low Self-Control Theory (LSC). The o u D o objective of the study is to test the principal propositions of both with respect to their ability of h providing adequate explanations for the volitional purchase of non-deceptive counterfeit goods t i w 1 Although some scholars claim that a supply of counterfeit product will exist as long as there is a demand for such goods (Bloch, Bush, & Campbell, 1993; Chakraborty, Allred, & Bristol, 1996; Chakraborty, Allred, Sukhdial, & Bristol, 1997), this is only partially true: even if intentional purchase is nonexistent, highly deceptive counterfeit goods (which may be virtually indistinguishable from genuine products) may still be produced and introduced into legitimate supply chains. 2 E.g., France and Italy. in physical market environments, and compare their ability of predicting levels of counterfeit purchase in a Romanian student population. In addition, the study tests the ability of the two e theories to provide explanations of deviant behaviors outside of the socio-economic and political . t r u context in (and for) which they have been developed. o b h The dissertation makes use of original data gathered via a cross-sectional survey design Y i r t u applied college students enrolled at Babeș-Bolyai UnPiversity (Cluj-Ntapoca), the largest urban s a settlement (and former capital) of one of the threOe major geograpihic, historical and cultural d e regions (Transylvania) of Romania. The theCoretical and po licy implications of the findings are r h o also discussed t R , f O e o t H i n c o T , i U y s p s A o i m c r t e o p n t o u D o h t i w ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS e I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge several people who have inspired and supported me . t r u throughout this journey, and for making the completion of this dissertation possible. First of all, my o b dissertation chair, Dr. Jeremy M. Wilson deserves thanks not on ly for his guidance and patience h Y i r t throughout my doctoral studies, but also for starting me down the path of studying the crime of product u t P s counterfeiting. Similarly, I would like to thank the other committee members, not only foar inspiring me to O i d pursue this particular research topic, but also for their contribution throughout the elaboration of this e C dissertation, and to my overall professional development. r h o t In addition, several influential peRople deserve acknowledgment. Too many to mention them all, I , f would nevertheless like express myO thanks to Dr. Ede McGarrell and Dor. Mary Finn for their advice, t encouragement and support during my tenure at MSU, Dr. Balogh Márton for his guidance and support H i n c over the years, Dr. Dan Lazăr, Gabriel Ciplea and Daniel Stuoparu from Babeș-Bolyai University for their T , i invaluable assitance Uin implementing ythis research projsect, the entire Office Staff at the School of p s Criminal Justice, whose continous work made these achievements possible, and the Association for A o i Community Relations for providing a home dumring fieldwork and data analysis. c Last, but not le ast, I would like tro thank my friends and family. Robert Peacock, Tamara t e Dempsey, and Kimoberly Bender, thank you for your friendship, belief and moral support during graduate p n school. To my loving wife, Camelia, my mom and dad, thank you for your sacrifice, unconditional love, t unrelentinog support and enucouragement, as well as your neverending patience throughout this arduous, D o yet fulfilling journey. You all made this journey possible, and for that I am eternally grateful. h t i w iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................e............. viii . t LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ xr u o CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................b.............................. 1 h Choice of criminological theories ............................................................................................................. 6 Y i Focus on volitional purchase of non-deceptive counterfeits in physical markret settings ..........t............... 9 u t P s CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................a................... 11 The state of knowledge on product counterfeiting ..O...........................i..................................................... 11 The origins and evolution of product counterfeiting ....................d........................... ............................ 12 e A typology of product counterfeiting .................................................................................................. 13 C Magnitude of counterfeit trade ...........................................r...........................h...................................... 18 Economic and public health consequences ....................o..................................................................... 20 Consumption of counterfeit goods ..........................................................t............................................ 22 R Ability to differentiate between genuine and coun terfeit goods ...... ............................................... 24 , f Factors influencing the purcOhase of counterfeeit goods ..............o..................................................... 26 Explanations of counterfeit purchase .............................................................................................. 29 Theories of crime and deviance .......................t............................ ........................................................... 31 Social Learning Theory. HKey concepts, priopositions. .........n............................................................... 31 c The appropriateness of SLT as an explanation of counterfeit purchase. ............................................ 34 o Low Self-Control TTheory. Key conce pts, propositions. ..................................................................... 37 The suitability of LSC to explain c,onsumption of coiunterfeit goods. ................................................ 40 U y s CHAPTER 3: THE ROMANIApN CONTEXT .s............................................................................ 43 A Rationale for study site selection ............................................................................................................ 43 o i Romania, a culturally and ethnically diversem space: Concise overview of historical, cultural and economic differences bectween historical/cultural regions in Romania ................................................... 45 Geographic and geo-political aspects ................................................................................................. 45 r The birth of modern day Romania. From the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, t e through the Goreat Unification of 1918, the interwar period and the communist regime, to an EU member state: major historicapl events, people, society and economy ................................................ 47 n The importance of the study locale, and of the cultural differences between historical/cultural regions in terms of the theoretical explanations of crime and deviance .................................................................. 55 t The coonsumption of couunterfeit goods in Romania ................................................................................ 57 Legislation, Anti-counterfeiting bodies, and research on consumption of counterfeit goods ............. 60 RDegional culturalo and economic differences and their effects on counterfeit consumption ............... 64 h CHAPTER 4: METHODS ............................................................................................................ 65 Choice of retsearch design ....................................................................................................................... 65 i Data collection method ........................................................................................................................... 66 w Sampling procedures ............................................................................................................................... 66 Sample size ......................................................................................................................................... 68 Measures ................................................................................................................................................. 73 Dependent variables ............................................................................................................................ 74 Independent variables ......................................................................................................................... 78 v Control variables ................................................................................................................................. 86 Survey implementation ........................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ................................................................... 95 e Handling missing values. ........................................................................................................................ 96 . Missing value analysis ..................................................................................................t...................... 96 r Multiple imputation ..................................................................................................u..........................o 99 Scale reliability and validity ................................................................................................................. 103 b Social learning scales ............................................................ ........................................................h.... 103 Self-control scales ..............................................................Y...........................i.................................... 108 r t ATC, ATCG and Social Desirability scales ...................................................................................... 110 u t Descriptive statistics. .....................................................P....................................................................... 112 s Sample characteristics ...................................................................................................a.................... 112 Form of the distribution ......................................O...........................i................................................... 116 d Dependent variables ...................................................................................................................... 116 e Independent variables ............................C........................... ............................................................ 118 Control variables ............................................................r...........................h.................................... 118 Examining multivariate outliers ............. .............................o.................................................................. 120 t Bivariate analysis ................................R.................................................................................................. 122 Multicollinearity Diagnostics ....................................,............................f................................................ 133 Binary logistic regression modOel utilizing all vaeriables on imputeod data (n=348) ........................... 135 Binary logistic regression model with all the variables, using complete cases only (n=281) ........... 142 Binary logistic regression model without thet opportunity mea sure. ................................................. 144 H i n Imputed data. (n=348) ........................c........................................................................................... 144 Complete cases only (n=281) .....................................o................................................................... 147 T Interpretation of the binary logistic regression results .......................................................................... 149 , i Evaluating meaUsures and logisticy regression modesls ........................................................................ 149 Results of the binary logistic regression model with all the variables, using complete cases only (n=281) ..................................p...........................s................................................................................. 152 A o i m CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................... 155 c The effect of differential association, individual definitions, imitation and differential reinforcement on counterfeit purchase . ...........................r.................................................................................................. 156 The effect of low stelf-control and oepportunity on volitional consumption of fakes. ............................ 157 The effect of demoographic and psychographic characteristics on counterfeit purchase ....................... 160 p Study strengths and limitations ............................................................................................................. 163 n Study design ...................................................................................................................................... 163 Data c ollection methodt ..................................................................................................................... 164 Samople and responseu rate .................................................................................................................. 164 Measurements ................................................................................................................................... 167 D o Missing data and data imputation ..................................................................................................... 168 Interactive effhects .............................................................................................................................. 169 Contribution to theory and research. ................................................................................................. 170 Policy implitcations ................................................................................................................................ 172 i Suggestiwons for future research ............................................................................................................. 175 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 177 APPENDIX A Research Participant Information and Consent Form ................................................... 178 APPENDIX B Variables excluded from analysis ................................................................................. 179 APPENDIX C Survey Instrument ......................................................................................................... 180 vi APPENDIX D Technical appendix ....................................................................................................... 194 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... ...... 203 e . t r u o b h Y i r t u t P s a O i d e C r h o t R , f O e o t H i n c o T , i U y s p s A o i m c r t e o p n t o u D o h t i w vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Genuine – Counterfeit continuum .............................................................................................. 17 e . t Table 4.1. Dependent variables ................................................................................................................... 77r u o Table 4.2. Constructs and measures: Independent variables .......................................b................................ 83 h Y i Table 4.3. Control variables ................................................................................r...........................t............. 91 u t P s Table 5.1. Descriptive statistics: Dependent and independent variables (n=348) ................a.................... 114 O i d Table 5.2. Descriptive statistics: Control variables (n=348) ........................................e............................. 115 C r h Table 5.3. Multivariate outliers ...............................................o.................................................................. 122 t R Table 5.4. Bivariate analysis: Counterfeit purchase by ,region (n=348) ...f................................................ 124 O e o Table 5.5. Bivariate analysis: Counterfeit purchase by gender and education (n=348) ............................ 126 t H i n c Table 5.6. The level and structure of the total consumption expenditure of an average Romanian o household expenditure (4Tth quarter 2015) . ................................................................................................ 127 , i U y s Table 5.7. Summary of bivariate analysis: Counterfeit purchase (n=348) ............................................... 131 p s A Table 5.8. Summary of bivariaote analysis: Couniterfeit purchase. Complete cases only (n=281)............. 132 m c Table 5.9. Multicollinearity diagnostics (n=348) ...................................................................................... 133 r t e Table 5.10. Multicoollinearity diagnostics. Complete cases only (n=281). ................................................ 134 p n Table 5.11. Binary logistic reg ression model. All variables, using imputed data (n=348). ...................... 137 t o u Table 5.12. Binary logistic regression model. All variables, on complete cases only (n=281). ............... 143 D o Table 5.13. Binary regression model. Opportunity measure removed, using imputed data (n=348) ....... 146 h Table 5.14. Bintary regression model. Opportunity measure removed, on complete cases only (n=281) . 148 i w Table A. 1. Variables excluded from analysis (n = 615) .......................................................................... 179 Table A. 2. Bootstrapping (n=281) ........................................................................................................... 195 Table A. 3. Pairwise comparison (n=281) ................................................................................................ 197 viii Table A. 4. Blocked regression (n=281) ................................................................................................... 200 Table A. 5. Assessing non-response bias (n=612) .................................................................................... 202 e . t r u o b h Y i r t u t P s a O i d e C r h o t R , f O e o t H i n c o T , i U y s p s A o i m c r t e o p n t o u D o h t i w ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. USA consumers reporting having made a counterfeit purchase in 2006, by age. .................... 23 e . Figure 3.1. Romania: current administrative-territorial organization and development regitons ................ 46 r u o Figure 3.2. Historical/cultural regions in Romania ..................................................................................... 53 b h Figure 3.3. The ACIST report on categories of counterfeit gooYds detained at thei Romanian border r t between 2008–2016 .................................................................................................................................... 58 u t P s Figure 3.4. The evolution of counterfeit goods detained at the Romanian border 2012–201a4 ................... 59 O i d Figure 4.1. The geographical distribution of Babeș-Bolyai students enrolled in their first year (for the e 2015-2016 academic year) based on student domCicile ................. .............................................................. 90 r h Figure 5.1. Study population and study sample characteristicos ................................................................ 113 t R , f O e o t H i n c o T , i U y s p s A o i m c r t e o p n t o u D o h t i w x

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theory to this crime type as well as any guidance for the analyses of the Learning Theory (SLT) and Gottfriedson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory .. The effect of differential association, individual definitions, imitation and
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.