Evolution and International Organization: Toward a New Level of Sociopolitical Integration

129 Pages·1974·4.64 MB·English

by  Volker Rittberger (auth.)

EVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
TOWARD A NEW LEVEL OF SOCIOPOLITICAL INTEGRATION
Studien zur Regierungslehre und Internationalen Politik
llerausgegeben von
Klaus von Beyme, Giinther Doeker,
Dieter Grosser, Winfried Steffani
v
Volker Ri ttberger
Evolution and International Organization
Toward a New Level of Sociopolitical
Integration
Studien zur Regierungslehre und Intemationalen Politik
Evolution and International
Organization
Toward a New Level
of
Sociopolitical Integration
Volker Rittberger
University of Tiibingen
Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff - 1973
To
Robert C. North
© 1973 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.
All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts
thereof in any form.
lSBN-13: 978-90-247-1563-3 e-1SBN-13: 978-94-010-2001-5
001: 10.1007/978-94-010-2001-5
Acknowledgments
This study is a slightly revised version of the author's dissertation submitted to the
Department of Political Science, Stanford University, in late 1971. The special encour
agement which the author received form his principal adviser, Professor Robert C.
North, is gratefully acknowledged. It is as a tribute to his stimulating scholarship that
I dedicate this volume to him.
The dissertation research was supported by a grant from the International Peace
Research Program funded by the Ford Foundation and administered by the National
Academy of Sciences, Division of Behavioral Sciences, Washington, D.C. The use of
the Stanford University Computation Facility was made possible through a special
grant by the Department of Political Science.
Miss Kathy Foote ably assisted the author in collecting the data on which the
empirical parts of this study are based.
Professor Klaus Jiirgen Gantzel, Frankfurt a.M., kindly commented on the manu
script and made several helpful suggestions.
The author feels heavily indebted to the aforementioned individuals and institutions;
none of them, however, should be held responsible for the contents of this study.
v
CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgments. V
List of tables IX
List of figures XI
Chapter I: Introduction: Problems of Theory-Building in the Study
ofInternational Organization . . . . . . . . I
1.1 Development of Research and Its Inadequacies I
1.2 The Quest for New Directions in Theory Building 3
Chapter 2: Sociocultural Evolution and Sociopolitical Organization 9
2.1 Research on the Changing Scale of Sociopolitical Organi-
zation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Sociocultural Evolution - General and Specific Aspects. 13
2.3 Evolution of Sociopolitical Organization. 18
2.4 Analysis of the Evolutionary Process. . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 3: The International Organization Level of Integration and Its
Relationship to the Nation State . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
3.1 Structural Means ofIntegration at the International Organi
zation Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
3.2 Interrelations Among Structural Dimensions of International
Organization-Building and Patterns of Growth . . . . 35
3.3 International Organization and the Nation-State System .. 44
Chapter 4: Industrial Civilization and the Causes of International
Organization-Building 55
4.1 Theoretical Analysis. 55
4.2 Empirical Domain and the Operationalization of Variables 61
4.3 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
VII
Contents
Page
Chapter 5: International Organization-Building and Integration Within
the Global Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.1 The Dependent Variable: International Integration 84
5.2 Three Theories of International Integration. 86
5.3 Data Analysis . . . . . 88
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions . 97
Bibliography 100
Appendix . 107
Index . .. 119
VIII
List of Tables
Table Page
2.1 Median Population Size of Communities and Societies, by Level of Tech-
nology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
3.1 Number of IGO's, Simple and Weighted IGO Nation Memberships,
1815-1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 31
3.2 Budgetary Expenditures of the U.N. System and Its Predecessor Organi-
zations and Derived Measures, 1870-1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
3·3 Number ofNGO's and of Newly Founded NGO's 34
3·4 Value of Exports as a Percentage of National Income, Developed and
Underdeveloped Countries: 1929-1958/59 . 36
3·5 Interrelations Among Measures of the Bureaucratic Dimension of Inter-
national Organization-Building 37
3.6 Relations Between Bureaucratic and Sodality Dimensions of International
Organization-Building 39
3·7 Correlation Between U.N. System Expenditures/National Government
Expenditures and Time (Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients) 43
4.1 Correlates of International Organization-Building, Summary of Variables ,
Indicators, and Measures 65
4·2a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. System): Indus-
trial Technology, 1865-1965 (Ten-Year Time Lag) . 66
4.2b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies):
Industrial Technology, 1865-1965 (Ten-Year Time Lag) . 67
4·3a Crosstabulation of Percentage of Labor Force in Non-Agricultural Occu-
pations with IGO-Memberships, 1965/66 68
4.3b Crosstabulation of Percentage of Labor Force in Non-Agricultural Occu-
pations with NGO-Memberships, 1965/66 69
IX
List of Tables
4.4a Correlates ofInternational Organization-Building (U.N. System): Higher
Education, I865-I965 (Five-Year Time Lag). . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
4.4b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies):
Higher Education, I865-I965 (Five-Year Time Lag) . . . . . . . .. 7I
4.5 Correlates ofInternational Organization-Building: Termination of Inter
national Wars, I865-I965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74
4.6 Correlates of International Organization-Building: Cooperative Expe
rience during Previous Time Period, I865-I965 . . . . . . . . . .. 76
4.7a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. SystEm): Path
Coefficients of Regression Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
4.7b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies):
Path Coefficients of Regression Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
5.I International Organization-Building and the Onset ofInternational War,
I865-I965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
5.2 Zero-Order Correlations Between Measures of International Organiza
tion-Building, Expansion of International System Membership, and
Frequency of All International Wars, 1865-1965 . . . . . . . . . .. 90
5.3 Zero-Order Correlations Between International Organization-Building,
Spread of Industrial Civilization, and Magnitude of All International
Wars, I865-I965. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .. 93
x
List of Figures
Figure Page
2.1 Taxonomy of Stages of Sociocultural Evolution 16
2.2 Stages of Sociopolitical Organization (Adapted from Marshall Sahlins) 19
2.3 Relationships Between Technology, Sociopolitical Organization, and
Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
3.1 U.N. System Expenditures/National Government Expenditures (A),
U.N. System Expenditures/National Defense Expenditures (B) in Five-
Year Intervals (Data from Table 3.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
3.2 Simple and Weighted IGO Nation Memberships in Five-Year Intervals
(Data from Table 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
3.3 Curve-Fitting for U.N. System Expenditures/National Government
Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
3.4 Simplified Structure of Multiple Authority Centers Model of World
Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
4.1 Correlates of International Organization-Building 61
4.2a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. System): Impor-
tant Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
4.2b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies):
Important Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
5.1 Relationship Between International Organization-Building and Frequency
of All International Wars with Expansion of International System Mem
bership as Intervening Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
5.2 Relationship Between International Organization-Building and the Mag
nitude of All International Wars Controlled for Advance of Industrial
Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
XI