Evidence-Based Practice of Critical Care

751 Pages·2020·15.448 MB·English

by  Patrick J. Neligan.

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2015v1.0
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE of
CRITICAL CARE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE of
CRITICAL CARE
third edition
Clifford S. Deutschman, MS, MD, FCCM
Vice Chair, Research
Department of Pediatrics
Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center
New Hyde Park, New York
Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine
Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine
Hempstead, New York
Professor of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and
Professor, The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine
Manhasset, New York
Patrick J. Neligan, MA, MB, FCAI, FJFICMI
Consultant in Anaesthesia, Special Interest in Intensive Care
Medical Director, Critical Care
Galway University Hospitals
Honorary Professor of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
National University of Ireland, Galway
Clincal Lead in Sepsis
Saolta Healthcare Group
Ireland
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE OF CRITICAL CARE, ISBN: 978-0-323-64068-8
THIRD EDITION
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2010
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Notice
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid
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Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my family:
Cate, Beth, and Nicki, who make us so proud, and Chris,
for truly being my better half for three and a half decades.
Clifford S. Deutschman, MS, MD
To Diane, David, Conor, and Kate and to
my parents, Maurice and Dympna Neligan,
for their continued support and wisdom.
Patrick J. Neligan, MA, MB, FCAI, FJFICIMI
In memory of Brian Kavanagh
friend and colleague, clinician and scientist
contributor to the first edition, mentor to many of the authors of this one
and, too sadly, not here to be embarrassed by this dedication.
CONTRIBUTORS
Gareth L. Ackland, PhD, FRCA, FFICM Ian J. Barbash, MD, MS Thomas P. Bleck, MD, MCCM, FNCS
Reader in Perioperative Medicine Assistant Professor Professor of Neurology
Translational Medicine & Therapeutics Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Northwestern University Feinberg School
William Harvey Research Institute Care Medicine, Department of Medicine of Medicine
Barts and The London School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Emeritus Professor of Neurological
and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Sciences, Neurosurgery, Anesthesiology,
London and Medicine
London, United Kingdom John James Bates, MB, BCh, BAO, Rush Medical College
MRCPI, FCAI, FCICM, FJFICMI Chicago, Illinois
Adeel Rafi Ahmed, MB BCh, BAO, Consultant in Anaesthesia & Intensive Care
MRCPI, MRCP(UK), PGDip(ClinEd) Galway University Hospitals Christina Boncyk, MD
Registrar/Fellow Honorary Professor of Anaesthesia and Assistant Professor
Department of Nephrology Intensive Care Department of Anesthesiology
University Hospital Galway National University of Ireland, Galway Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Galway, Ireland Clinical Lead for Critical Care Nashville, Tennessee
Saolta Healthcare Group
Djillali Annane, MD, PhD Ireland Jason C. Brainard, MD
Professor and Director, General Intensive Associate Professor
Care Unit Michael Bauer, MD Department of Anesthesiology
Hospital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Director, Department of Anaesthesiology University of Colorado School of Medicine
Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Intensive Care Aurora, Colorado
Dean, School of Medicine Simone Veil, Chief Executive Director, Center for Sepsis
at University of Versailles Saint Quentin Control & Care Scott C. Brakenridge, MD, FACS, MSCS
en Yvelines Jena University Hospital Assistant Professor of Surgery and
University Paris Saclay Jena, Germany Anesthesiology
Garches, France Department of Surgery, Division of Acute
Amy L. Bellinghausen, MD Care Surgery
Eman Ansari, MD, MPH Fellow University of Florida
Faculty Physician Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Gainesville, Florida
Department of Medicine and Sleep Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital University of California San Diego Frank Martin Brunkhorst, MD
Instructor of Pediatrics San Diego, California Director, Center of Clinical Studies
Harvard Medical School Professor of Anaesthesiology and Intensive
Boston, Massachusetts William S. Bender, MD, MPH Care Medicine
Assistant Professor Jena University Hospital
Hubertus Axer, MD Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Jena, Germany
Professor Care and Sleep Medicine
Hans Berger Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine Tara Cahill, BSc(Physio), MSc
Jena University Hospital Atlanta, Georgia Respiratory Physiotherapy
Jena, Germany Galway University Hospital, Saolta
Matthew R. Biery, DO University Healthcare Group
Jan Bakker, MD, PhD, FCCP, FCCM Attending Physician National University of Ireland Galway
Department of Pulmonology Department of Critical Care and Galway, Ireland
and Critical Care Emergency Medicine
New York University and Columbia Jefferson Health System Christina Campbell, Mb BCh,
University Medical Center Assistant Clinical Professor of Emergency BAO, RCPI
New York, New York Medicine Respiratory Specialist Registrar
Intensive Care, Adults Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Galway University Hospital, Saolta
Erasmus MC University Medical Center Medicine University Healthcare Group
Rotterdam, The Netherlands Philadelphia, Pennsylvania National University of Ireland Galway
Department of Intensive Care Galway, Ireland
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Alexandra Binnie, MD, DPhil
Santiago, Chile Associate Staff Physician Jonathan Dale Casey, MD, MSCI
Department of Critical Care Assistant Professor of Medicine
William Osler Health System Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and
Brampton, Canada Critical Care
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Jean-Marc Cavaillon, Dr.Sc Clifford S. Deutschman, MS, MD, Stephen Duff, MD
Professor MCCM School of Medicine
Experimental Neuropathology Vice Chair, Research University College Dublin
Institut Pasteur Department of Pediatrics Dublin, Ireland
Paris, France Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s
Medical Center Philip A. Efron, MD, FACS, FCCM
Maurizio Cereda, MD New Hyde Park, New York Professor of Surgery
Associate Professor Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Department of Surgery, Division of Acute
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Medicine Care Surgery
Care Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine University of Florida
Perelman School of Medicine at the Hempstead, New York Gainesville, Florida
University of Pennsylvania Professor of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Institute for Medical Research and Sinéad Egan, MB, BCH, BAO, FCAI
Professor, The Elmezzi Department of Anesthesia and Intensive
David J. Cooper, BMBS, MD Graduate School of Molecular Medicine Care
Professor of Intensive Care Medicine Manhasset, New York Beaumont Hospital
Monash University Dublin, Ireland
Melbourne, Australia David Devlin, FRCA, MRCPI
Clinical Fellow Ali A. El Solh, MD, MPH
Craig M. Coopersmith, MD, FACS, Galway University Hospital Professor
FCCM Galway, Ireland Department of Medicine, Epidemiology,
Professor and Environmental Health
Department of Surgery Claudia C. Dos Santos, MSc, MD Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical
Emory Critical Care Center Associate Professor of Medicine Sciences and School of Public Health and
Emory University Scientist, Institute of Medical Sciences Health Professions
Atlanta, Georgia University of Toronto University at Buffalo
Scientist, Keenan Research Centre for Associate Chief of Staff for Research
Jennifer Cruz, DO Biomedical Science VA Western New York Healthcare System
Cardiovascular Disease Fellow St. Michael’s Hospital Buffalo, New York
Department of Cardiovascular Disease Toronto, Canada
Cooper University E. Wesley Ely, MD, MPH
Camden, New Jersey Tomas Drabek, MD, PhD, FASA Grant Liddle Honorary Chair, Professor of
Associate Professor Medicine
Cheston B. Cunha, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and
Medical Director, Antimicrobial Perioperative Medicine Survivorship (CIBS) Center
Stewardship Scientist Assoc. Director of Aging Research, VA
Infectious Disease Division Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Tennessee Valley GRECC
Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University of Pittsburgh Vanderbilt University Medical Center
University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Nashville, Tennessee
Providence, Rhode Island
Laura Dragoi, MD Laura Evans, MD, MSc
Gerard F. Curley, MB, PhD, FCAI Fellow Associate Professor
FJFICMI Department of Critical Care Medicine Departments of Pulmonary, Critical Care,
Professor & Chair of Anaesthesiology & Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Sleep Medicine
Critical Care Toronto, Canada New York University School of Medicine
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland New York, New York
Consultant in Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Martin Dres, MD, PhD
Beaumont Hospital Sorbonne Université Jessica Falco-Walter, MD
Dublin, Ireland Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Clinical Assistant Professor
Expérimentale et Clinique Department of Neurology and
Allison Dalton, MD Pneumologie, Médecine Intensive – Neurological Sciences
Assistant Professor Réanimation Stanford University
Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital Palo Alto, California
University of Chicago Paris, France
Chicago, Illinois Jonathan K. Frogel, MD
Anne M. Drewry, MD, MSCI Senior Anesthestiologist
Daniel De Backer, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Sheba Medical Center
Professor Department of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology
Intensive Care Department Washington University School of Medicine Ramat Gan, Israel
CHIREC Hospitals, Université Libre de St. Louis, Missouri
Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Niall D. Ferguson, MD, MSc Rick Gill, MD Paige Guyatt
Professor Assistant Professor Research Assistant
Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Department of Neurology Department of Health Research Methods,
Medicine Loyola University Chicago Evidence, and Impact
University of Toronto Chicago, Illinois McMaster University
Head, Critical Care Medicine Hamilton, Canada
University Health Network and Sinai Ewan C. Goligher, MD, PhD
Health System Department of Medicine, Division of Nicholas Heming, MD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Respirology General Intensive Care Unit
University Health Network Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP)
Joseph S. Fernandez-Moure, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Versailles SQY
Instructor Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Laboratory of Inflammation and Infection
Department of Surgery Medicine U1173 INSERM
Division of Traumatology, Critical Care, University of Toronto Garches, France
and Emergency Surgery Scientist
University of Pennsylvania Toronto General Hospital Research Cheralyn J. Hendrix, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Institute Resident
Toronto, Canada Department of Surgery
Jakub Furmaga, MD George Washington University Hospital
Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Emily K. Gordon, MD, MSEd Washington, D.C.
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Associate Professor of Clinical
Center Anesthesiology and Critical Care McKenzie K. Hollen, BA
Dallas, Texas Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Surgery, Division of Acute
Critical Care Care Surgery
David Foster Gaieski, MD Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Florida
Professor University Hospital of Pennsylvania Gainesville, Florida
Department of Emergency Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sidney Kimmel Medical College Steven M. Hollenberg, MD
Thomas Jefferson University W. Robert Grabenkort, PA, MMSc, Professor of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania FCCM Hackensack Meridian Medical School at
Physician Assistant Seton Hall
Ognjen Gajic, MD Emory Healthcare Associate Director, Cardiothoracic
Professor of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Intensive Care Unit
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Hackensack Meridian University Hospital
Mayo Clinic Garima Gupta, DO, MPH Hackensack, New Jersey
Rochester, Minnesota Clinical Fellow
Department of Critical Care Medicine Vivien Hong Tuan Ha, MD
Alice Gallo De Moraes, MD, FACP University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Assistant Specialist
Assistant Professor of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Intensive Care
Department of Medicine, Division of Raymond Poincaré University Hospital
Pulmonary and Critical Care Jacob T. Gutsche, MD Garches, France
Mayo Clinic Associate Professor
Rochester, Minnesota Cardiothoracic and Vascular Section; Shahd Horie, BSc, MSc, PhD
Anesthesiology and Critical Care Lung Biology Group
Kelly R. Genga, MD, PhD The Perelman School of Medicine at the Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI)
Center for Heart Lung Innovation University of Pennsylvania at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical
University of British Columbia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Devices
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada National University of Ireland Galway
Goksel Guven, MD Galway, Ireland
Pierce Geoghegan, MB, BCh, BAO, BA Department of Intensive Care
Specialist Registrar Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus Catherine L. Hough, MD, MSc
Departments of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care University of Rotterdam Professor of Medicine
and Pain Medicine Rotterdam, The Netherlands University of Washington
St. Vincent’s University Hospital Department of Translational Physiology Seattle, Washington
Dublin, Ireland Academic Medical Center, University of
Amsterdam Can Ince, PhD
Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor
MD, PhD Department of Intensive Care
4th Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus Medical Center
National and Kapodistrian University of University Medical Center
Athens, Medical School Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Athens, Greece
x CONTRIBUTORS
Theodore J. Iwashyna, MD, PhD Jordan Anthony Kempker, MD, MSc W. Andrew Kofke, MD, MBA, FCCM, FNCS
Director of Health Services Research Assisstant Professor Professor, Director of Neuroscience in
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Anesthesiology and Critical Care Program
University of Michigan Care and Sleep Medicine Co-Director, Neurocritical Care
Ann Arbor, Michigan Emory University Co-Director, Perioperative Medicine and
Atlanta, Georgia Pain Clinical Research Unit
Judith Jacobi, PharmD, FCCP, MCCM, Departments of Anesthesiology and
BCCCP Leo G. Kevin, MD, FCARCSI Critical Care and Neurosurgery
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist Department of Intensive Care University of Pennsylvania
Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital University Hospital Galway Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Indianapolis, Indiana Galway, Ireland
Benjamin Kohl, MD, FCCM
Marc Jeschke, MD, PhD, FACS, FCCM, Yasin A. Khan, MD Chief, Critical Care
FRCS(C) Clinical Fellow Professor of Anesthesiology
Professor Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic University of Toronto Thomas Jefferson University
Surgery, Department of Immunology Toronto, Ontario, Canada Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
University of Toronto
Chair in Burn Research Ruth Kleinpell, PhD, RN, AG-ACNP, Andreas Kortgen, MD
Ross Tilley Burn Centre FCCM Department of Anaesthesiology and
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Assistant Dean for Clinical Scholarship Critical Care Medicine
Senior Scientist Professor Center for Sepsis Control and Care
Sunnybrook Research Institute Vanderbilt University School of Nursing Jena University Hospital
Toronto, Canada Nashville, Tennessee Jena, Germany
Nicholas J. Johnson, MD Kurt Kleinschmidt, MD David Kung, MD
Assistant Professor Professor of Emergency Medicine Assistant Professor
Department of Emergency Medicine Division Chief, Medical Toxicology Department of Neurosurgery
Adjunct Assistant Professor University of Texas Southwestern Medical University of Pennsylvania
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine Dallas, Texas
University of Washington/Harborview John G. Laffey, MD, MA, FCAI, FJFICMI
Medical Center Michael Klompas, MD, MPH Professor, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Seattle, Washington Professor of Population Medicine Medicine,
Department of Population Medicine Vice-Dean Research, College of Medicine,
Jeremy M. Kahn, MD, MS Harvard Medical School and Harvard Nursing and Health Sciences
Professor and Vice Chair Pilgrim Healthcare Institute NUI Galway
Department of Critical Care Medicine Hospital Epidemiologist Consultant, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
University of Pittsburgh Brigham and Women’s Hospital Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Boston, Massachusetts Galway University Hospitals
Galway, Ireland
Lewis J. Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP Patrick M. Kochanek, MD, MCCM
Professor of Surgery Ake N. Grenvik Professor in Critical Care Joel Lage, BS
Department of Surgery; Division of Medicine Vila Real de Santo Antonio, Portugal
Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Professor and Vice Chair, Critical Care
Emergency Surgery Medicine David William Lappin, MB, PhD, FRCPI
Perelman School of Medicine, University Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Consultant Nephrologist
of Pennsylvania Bioengineering, and Clinical and Galway University Hospitals
Section Chief, Surgical Critical Care Translational Science Honorary Personal Professor of
Department of Surgery Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Nephrology and Hypertension
Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Research Department of Medicine
Center University of Pittsburgh School of National University of Ireland, Galway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Medicine Galway, Ireland
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Mark T. Keegan, MB, MRCPI, D.ABA, Francois Lamontagne, MD, MSc
MSc, FCCM Professor
Professor of Anesthesiology Université de Sherbrooke
Division of Critical Care, Department of Scientist
Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke
Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Intensivist
Medicine and Science Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de
Rochester, Minnesota Services Sociaux Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada