Evidence-Based Nephrology PDF
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BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Evidence-based Nephrology Evidence-Based Nephrology. Edited by D. A. Molony and J. C. Craig. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-13975-5 i BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Evidence-based Nephrology EDITED BY DONALD A. MOLONY DivisionofRenalDiseaseandHypertension UniversityofTexas HoustonMedicalSchool Houston,Texas,USA JONATHAN C. CRAIG SchoolofPublicHealth UniversityofSydney DepartmentofNephrology TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmead Sydney,Australia A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication iii BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Thiseditionfirstpublished2009,(cid:2)C2009byBlackwellPublishingLtd BMJBooksisanimprintofBMJPublishingGroupLimited,usedunderlicencebyBlackwellPublishing whichwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishingprogrammehasbeen mergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Dataavailable ISBN:978-1-4051-3975-5 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary (cid:2)r Setin9.25/12ptMinionbyAptara Inc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedinSingaporebyHoPrinting,SingaporePteLtd 1 2009 iv BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Contents Listofcontributors,viii 9 AcuteTubularNecrosis,97 JayL.Koyner&PatrickT.Murray Foreword,xiii 10 RadiocontrastNephropathy,110 Introduction,xvii BrendanJ.Barrett&PatrickS.Parfrey 11 MiscellaneousEtiologiesofAcuteKidneyInjury,122 Part1 EpidemiologyofKidneyDisease,1 KamalanathanK.Sambandam&AnithaVijayan 1 EpidemiologyofChronicKidneyDisease,3 12 RenalReplacementTherapyinAcuteKidneyInjury,137 WilliamM.McClellan&FriedrichK.Port StevenD.Weisbord&PaulM.Palevsky 2 ChronicDiseaseSurveillanceandChronicKidney Disease,18 Part3 PrimaryGlomerulonephritis,147 DianeL.Frankenfield&MichaelV.Rocco 13 ManagementofIdiopathicNephroticSyndromein 3 RiskFactorsforProgressionofChronic Adults:MinimalChangeDiseaseandFocalSegmental KidneyDisease,29 Glomerulosclerosis,149 EberhardRitz,DaniloFliser,&MarcinAdamczak AlainMeyrier 4 EpidemiologyandScreeningforChronicKidney 14 MembranousNephropathy,158 Disease,43 FernandoC.Fervenza&DanielC.Cattran SylviaPazB.Ramirez 15 IgANephropathyinAdultsandChildren,170 5 PredictionofRiskandPrognosis:Decision JonathanBarratt,JohnFeehally,&RonaldHogg SupportforDiagnosisandManagementofChronic KidneyDisease,58 16 MembranoproliferativeGlomerulonephritis,183 BenedicteStengel,MarcFroissart,&JeromeRossert RichardJ.Glassock Part2 AcuteKidneyInjury,69 Part4 SecondaryDiseasesoftheKidney,197 6 Definition,Classification,andEpidemiologyofAcute HypertensiveRenalDisease,199 KidneyDisease,71 EricA.J.Hoste,RameshVenkataraman,& 17 Hypertension:ClassificationandDiagnosis,200 JohnA.Kellum BernardoRodriguez-Iturbe&Crisp´ınMarinVillalobos 7 Pre-RenalFailureandObstructiveDisease,80 18 ManagementofEssentialHypertension,207 KevinW.Finkel EberhardRitz,DaniloFliser,&MarcinAdamczak 8 HepatorenalSyndrome,88 19 ManagementofHypertensioninChronicKidney Andr´esCa´rdenas&PereGin`es Disease,214 AimunAhmed,FairolH.Ibrahim,&MeguidElNahas v BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Contents 20 DiagnosisandManagementofRenovascularDisease, Part6 ChronicKidneyDiseaseStage5: 223 Hemodialysis,401 Jo¨rgRadermacher 36 WhentoStartDialysisandWhethertheFirst 21 DiabetesMellitus,231 TreatmentShouldBeExtracorporealTherapyor PieroRuggenenti&GiuseppeRemuzzi PeritonealDialysis,403 RaymondT.Krediet 22 LupusNephritis,244 ArrigoSchieppati,EricaDaina,&GiuseppeRemuzzi 37 ModalitiesofExtracorporealTherapy:Hemodialysis, Hemofiltration,andHemodiafiltration,410 23 Infection-RelatedNephropathies,253 KannaiyanS.Rabindranath&NormanMuirhead MoniqueE.Cho&JeffreyB.Kopp 38 DialysisDeliveryandAdequacy,423 24 HepatitisBVirus,263 PeterKotanko,NathanW.Levin,&FrankGotch M.AamirAli,ScottD.Cohen,&PaulL.Kimmel 39 GeneralManagementoftheHemodialysis 25 Infection-RelatedNephropathies:HepatitisCVirus, Patient,431 272 RobertMactier&DavidC.Wheeler DirkR.J.Kuypers 40 InfectionsinHemodialysis,441 26 Polyomavirus-AssociatedNephropathy,277 BehdadAfzali&DavidJ.A.Goldsmith FabrizioGinevri&HansH.Hirsch 41 Non-Access-RelatedNosocomialInfectionsin ToxicNephropathies,285 Hemodialysis,452 27 ToxicNephropathies:NonsteroidalAnti-Inflammatory BrettW.Stephens&DonaldA.Molony Drugs,286 42 VascularAccessforHemodialysis,460 WaiY.Tse&DwomoaAdu KevanR.Polkinghorne 28 ToxicNephropathies:EnvironmentalAgentsand Metals,294 RichardP.Wedeen Part7 ChronicKidneyDiseaseStage5: PeritonealDialysis,469 29 TheKidneyinPregnancy,299 PhyllisAugust&TiinaPodymow 43 SelectionofPeritonealDialysisasRenalReplacement Therapy,471 NorbertLameire,RaymondVanholder,&WimVanBiesen Part5 ChronicKidneyDisease,ChronicRenal Failure,309 44 SmallSoluteClearanceinPeritonealDialysis,478 SharonJ.Nessim&JoanneM.Bargman 30 ProgressionofKidneyDisease:Diagnosis 45 SaltandWaterBalanceinPeritonealDialysis,488 andManagement,311 Cheuk-ChunSzeto&PhilipKam-TaoLi AnilK.Agarwal,NabilHaddad,&LeeA.Hebert 46 ImpactofPeritonealDialysisSolutionsonOutcomes, 31 TreatmentofAnemiainChronicKidneyDisease, 500 Stages3–5,323 DavidW.Johnson&JohnD.Williams RobertN.Foley 47 PreventionandTreatmentofPeritoneal 32 DyslipidemiainChronicKidneyDisease,333 Dialysis-RelatedInfections,509 VeraKrane&ChristophWanner GiovanniF.M.Strippoli,KathrynJ.Wiggins,DavidW. 33 ChronicKidneyDiseaseandHypertension,345 Johnson,SankarNavaneethan,GiovanniCancarini,& SangeethaSatyan&RajivAgarwal JonathanC.Craig 34 RecognitionandManagementofMineralandBone DisorderofChronicKidneyDiseaseandEnd-Stage RenalDisease,353 Part8 Transplantation,533 DonaldA.Molony 48 EvaluationandSelectionoftheKidneyTransplant 35 PreparationforDialysis,391 Candidate,535 MarkG.Parker&JonathanHimmelfarb BryceKiberd vi BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Contents 49 EvaluationandSelectionoftheLivingKidney 60 BonesAcrossKidneyDiseaseandKidneyFailure,682 Donor,545 MaryB.Leonard ConnieL.Davis 61 Anemia,693 50 PredictorsofTransplantOutcomes,561 SusanFurth&SandraAmaral KristaL.Lentine,RobertM.Perkins,&KevinC.Abbott ManagementofRenalFailure/Transplants,702 51 TheEarlyCourse:Induction,DelayedFunction,and Rejection,574 62 RenalTransplantation,703 PaulA.Keown PierreCochat&JustineBacchetta 52 MaintenanceImmunosuppression,592 63 PeritonealDialysisinChildren,723 YvesVanrenterghem JaapW.Groothoff&MaruschkaP.Merkus 53 ChronicAllograftNephropathy,599 64 PediatricHemodialysis,738 BengtC.Fellstro¨m,AlanJardine,&HallvardHoldaas StuartL.Goldstein SpecificPediatricRenalDisease,745 Part9 DisordersofElectrolytes(Acuteand 65 UrinaryTractInfection,VesicouretericReflux,and Chronic),609 UrinaryIncontinence,746 54 OverviewofElectrolyteandAcid–BaseDisorders,611 GabrielleWilliams,PremalaSureshkumar,PatrinaCaldwell,& L.LeeHamm&MichaelHaderlie JonathanC.Craig 55 Hyponatremia,618 66 EpidemiologyandGeneralManagementofChildhood ChukwumaEze&EricE.Simon IdiopathicNephroticSyndrome,763 NicholasJ.A.Webb 56 PotassiumDisorders,633 JohnR.Foringer,ChristopherNorris,&KevinW.Finkel 67 ManagementofSteroid-SensitiveNephrotic Syndrome,774 57 MetabolicEvaluationandPreventionofRenalStone ElisabethM.Hodson,JonathanC.Craig,&NarelleS.Willis Disease,642 DavidS.Goldfarb 68 Steroid-ResistantNephroticSyndrome,787 AnnabelleChua&PeterYorgin Part10 Pediatrics,651 OtherPediatricRenalDiseases,806 69 Henoch-SchonleinNephritisand ThemesAcrossRenalDiseaseandRenalFailure,653 MembranoprolifertiveGlomerulonephritis,807 58 Growth,Nutrition,andPubertalDevelopment,654 SharonPhillipsAndreoli LesleyRees 70 Cystinosis,818 59 Hypertension,CardiovascularDisease,andLipid WilliamG.van’tHoff AbnormalitiesinChildrenwithChronicKidney Failure,669 ElkeWu¨hl&FranzSchaefer Index,823 Acompanionwebsiteforthisbookwithupdates,achancetosendusyourfeedback,andlinkstootheruseful EvidenceBasedresourcesisprovidedat: www.blackwellpublishing.com/medicine/bmj/nephrology vii BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 List of contributors KevinC.Abbott MD,MPH SandraAmaral MD,MHS PatrinaCaldwell MBBS,PhD WalterReedArmyMedicalCenter DivisionofPediatricNephrology CentreforKidneyResearch Washington,DC,USA EmoryHealthcare&Children’sHealthcareof TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmead Atlanta,Atlanta,Georgia,USA Westmead,Australia MarcinAdamczak MD DepartmentofNephrology SharonPhillipsAndreoli MD EndocrinologyandMetabolicDiseases BryonP.andFrancesD.HollettProfessorof GiovanniCancarini MD MedicalUniversityofSilesia Pediatrics SectionandDivisionofNephrology Katowice,Poland DirectoroftheDivisionofPediatricNephrology DepartmentofExperimentalandApplied Medicine JamesWhitcombRileyHospitalforChildren DwomoaAdu MD,FRCP Indianapolis,Indiana,USA UniversityandSpedaliCivili DepartmentofNephrology Brescia,Italy QueenElizabethHospital PhyllisAugust MD,MPH Birmingham,UnitedKingdom WeillMedicalCollegeofCornellUniversity Andre´sCa´rdenas MD,MMSc BehdadAfzali MD Ithaca,NewYork,USA LiverUnit InstitutdeMalaltiesDigestivesiMetaboliques DepartmentofNephrologyandTransplantation JustineBacchetta MD HospitalClinic Guy’sHospital De´partementdePe´diatrie&Inserm UniversityofBarcelona London,UnitedKingdom HoˆpitalEdouard-Herriot Barcelona,Spain HospicesCivilsdeLyon&Universite´Lyon AnilK.Agarwal MD Lyon,France DepartmentofInternalMedicine DanielC.Cattran MD,FRCP TheOhioStateUniversityMedicalCenter Columbus,Ohio,USA JoanneM.Bargman MD UniversityofToronto DepartmentofMedicine Toronto,Ontario,Canada RajivAgarwal MD DivisionofNephrology UniversityofToronto DivisionofNephrology MoniqueE.Cho MD Toronto,Canada DepartmentofMedicine KidneyDiseaseSection IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveand Indianapolis,Indiana,USA JonathanBarratt MD KidneyDiseases DepartmentofInfection NationalInstitutesofHealth AimunAhmed MD JohnWallsRenalUnit USDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices SheffieldKidneyInstitute LeicesterGeneralHospital Bethesda,Maryland,USA Sheffield,UnitedKingdom Leicester,UnitedKingdom M.AamirAli MD BrendanJ.Barrett MBBS,PhD AnnabelleChua MD DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension DivisionofNephrologyandClinicalEpidemiology SectionofPediatricNephrology DepartmentofMedicine FacultyofMedicine TexasChildren’sHospital GeorgeWashingtonUniversityMedicalCenter MemorialUniversityofNewfoundland BaylorCollegeofMedicine Washington,DC,USA St.John’s,Newfoundland,Canada Houston,Texas,USA viii BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Listofcontributors PierreCochat MD FernandoC.Fervenza MD,PhD RichardJ.Glassock MD De´partementdePe´diatrie DivisionofNephrologyandHypertension DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine HoˆpitalEdouard-Herriot MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles Lyon,France Rochester,Minnesota,USA LosAngeles,California,USA ScottD.Cohen MD KevinW.Finkel MD DavidS. Goldfarb MD DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension NephrologyDivision DepartmentofMedicine UniversityofTexasMedical NYUMedicalCenter GeorgeWashingtonUniversityMedicalCenter SchoolatHouston ProfessorofMedicineandPhysiology Washington,DC,USA Houston,Texas,USA NYUSchoolofMedicine NewYork,USA JonathanC.Craig MD,PhD DaniloFliser MD DavidJ.A.Goldsmith MD DepartmentofInternalMedicine SchoolofPublicHealth DepartmentofNephrologyandTransplantation DivisionofNephrology UniversityofSydney Guy’sHospital MedicalSchoolHannover DeptartmentofNephrology London,UnitedKingdom Hannover,Germany TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmead Sydney,Australia StuartL.Goldstein MD RobertN.Foley MB,MSc BaylorCollegeofMedicine EricaDaina MD ChronicDiseaseResearchGroup MedicalDirector UniversityofMinnesota RenalDialysisUnitandPheresisService MarioNegriInstituteforPharmacological Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA Houston,Texas,USA Research NegriBergamoLaboratories Bergamo,Italy JohnR.Foringer MD FrankGotch MD DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco UniversityofTexasMedicalSchoolatHouston SanFrancisco,California,USA ConnieL.Davis MD Houston,Texas,USA DivisionofNephrology JaapW.Groothoff MD,PhD DepartmentofMedicine DepartmentofPediatricNephrology UniversityofWashingtonSchoolofMedicine DianeL.Frankenfield MD EmmaChildren’sHospital Seattle,Washington,USA CentersforMedicare&MedicaidServices AcademicMedicalCenter OfficeofClinicalStandardsandQuality Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Baltimore,Maryland,USA AllisonEddy MD Children’sHospital&RegionalMedicalCenter NabilHaddad MD Seattle,Washington,USA MarcFroissart MD,PhD DepartmentofInternalMedicine Paris-DescartesUniversitySchoolofMedicine TheOhioStateUniversityMedicalCenter GeorgesPompidouEuropeanHospital Columbus,Ohio,USA MeguidElNahas PhD,FRCP INSERMU652 SheffieldKidneyInstitute Paris,France MichaelHaderlie MD NorthernGeneralHospital DepartmentofMedicine Sheffield,UnitedKingdom SusanFurth MD,PhD TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine PediatricsandEpidemiologyWelchCenterfor NewOrleans,Louisiana,USA ChukwumaEze MD Prevention GoodSamaritanHospital EpidemiologyandClinicalResearch L.LeeHamm MD Dayton,Ohio,USA JohnsHopkinsMedicalInstitutions DepartmentofMedicine Baltimore,Maryland,USA TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine NewOrleans,Louisiana,USA JohnFeehally MD PereGine`s MD UniversityofLeicester LiverUnit LeeA.Hebert MD TheJohnWallsRenalUnit InstitutdeMalaltiesDigestivesiMetaboliques DepartmentofInternalMedicine LeicesterGeneralHospital HospitalClinic TheOhioStateUniversityMedicalCenter Leicester,UnitedKingdom UniversityofBarcelona Columbus,Ohio,USA Barcelona,Spain BengtC.Fellstro¨m MD,PhD JonathanHimmelfarb MD DepartmentofMedicalSciences FabrizioGinevri MD KidneyResearchInstitute NephrologyUnit PediatricNephrologyUnit DivisionofNephrology UniversityHospital IstitutoG.Gaslini UniversityofWashingtonMedicalSchool Uppsala,Sweden Genova,Italy Seattle,Washington,USA ix BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Listofcontributors HansH.Hirsch MD,MS BertramL.Kasiske MD DirkR.J.Kuypers MD,PhD TransplantationVirology&MolecularDiagnostics UniversityofMinnesota DepartmentofNephrologyandRenal InstituteforMedicalMicrobiology DepartmentofMedicine Transplantation UniversityofBasel HennepinCountyMedicalCenter UniversityHospitalsLeuven Basel,Switzerland Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA UniversityofLeuven Leuven,Belgium ElisabethM,Hodson MD JohnAKellum MD CochraneRenalGroup TheClinicalResearch,Investigation,andSystems NorbertLameire MD CentreforKidneyResearch ModelingofAcuteIllness(CRISMA) RenalDivision TheChildren’sHospitalatWestmead Laboratory,DepartmentofCriticalCareMedicine DepartmentofInternalMedicine Westmead,Australia UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine UniversityHospitalGhent Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA Ghent,Belgium RonaldHogg MD DivisionofPediatricNephrology PaulA.Keown MD KristaL.Lentine MD,MS Children’sHealthCenter DepartmentsofMedicineandPathologyand CenterforOutcomesResearchandDivisionof St.Joseph’sHospitalandMedicalCenter LaboratoryMedicine Nephrology Phoenix,Arizona,USA UniversityofBritishColumbia SaintLouisUniversitySchoolofMedicine Vancouver,BC,Canada St.Louis,Missouri,USA HallvardHoldaas MD DepartmentofNephrology Rikshospitalet ByrceKiberd MD MaryB.Leonard MD,MSCE Oslo,Norway DepartmentofMedicine DepartmentofPediatrics DalhousieUniversity TheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphia ByronP.Hollett MD Halifax,NovaScotia,Canada DepartmentofBiostatisticsandEpidemiology DepartmentofPediatrics UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine JamesWhitcombRileyHospitalforChildren PaulL.Kimmel MD,FACP,FASN Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA IndianaUniversityMedicalCenter DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension Indianapolis,Indiana,USA DepartmentofMedicine NathanW.Levin MD GeorgeWashingtonUniversity RenalResearchInstitute FrancesD.Hollett MD MedicalCenter NewYork,USA DepartmentofPediatrics Washington,DC,USA JamesWhitcombRileyHospitalforChildren PhilipKam-TaoLi MD,FRCP,FACP IndianaUniversityMedicalCenter JeffreyB.Kopp MD HonoraryProfessorofMedicine Indianapolis,Indiana,USA KidneyDiseaseSection ChiefofNephrologyandConsultant NationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveand DepartmentofMedicine&Therapeutics EricAJHoste MD,PhD KidneyDiseases PrinceofWalesHospital TheClinicalResearch,InvestigationandSystems NationalInstitutesofHealth TheChineseUniversityofHongKong ModelingofAcuteIllness(CRISMA) USDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices HongKong,China Laboratory,DepartmentofCriticalCareMedicine Bethesda,Maryland,USA UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine Pittsburgh,PA AlisonMacleod BMedBiol,MB,ChB,MD, IntensiveCareUnit PeterKotanko MD FRCP GhentUniversityHospital KrankenhausderBarmherzigenBru¨der DepartmentofMedicineandTherapeutics Ghent,Belgium DepartmentofInternalMedicine UniversityofAberdeen Graz,Austria Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom FairolH.Ibrahim MD SheffieldKidneyInstitute JayL.Koyner MD RobertMactier MD NorthernGeneralHospital SectionofNephrology GlasgowRoyalInfirmary Sheffield,UnitedKingdom UniversityofChicago Scotland,UnitedKingdom Chicago,Illinois,USA AlanJardine MD Crispı´nMarinVillalobos MD Nephrology&Transplantation VeraKrane MD NephrologySection BHFCardiovascularResearchCentre DepartmentofMedicine HospitalUniversitarioandUniversidaddelZulia UniversityofGlasgow DivisionofNephrology SchoolofMedicine Glasgow,UnitedKingdom UniversityofWu¨rzburg Maracaibo,Venezuela Wu¨rzburg,Germany DavidW.Johnson MD DepartmentofRenalMedicine WilliamM.McClellan MD UniversityofQueenslandatPrincessAlexandra RaymondT.Krediet MD,PhD RenalDivision Hospital AcademicMedicalCenter EmoryUniversitySchoolofMedicine Brisbane,Australia Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Atlanta,Georgia,USA x BLBK043-Molony September24,2008 21:3 Listofcontributors MaruschkaP.Merkus PhD MarkG.Parker MD BernardoRodriguez-Iturbe MD DepartmentofPediatricNephrology MaineMedicalCenter NephrologySection EmmaChildren’sHospital Portland,Maine,USA HospitalUniversitarioand AcademicMedicalCenter UniversidaddelZulia Amsterdam,TheNetherlands SchoolofMedicine RobertM.Perkins MD Maracaibo,Venezuela DepartmentofMedicine/NephrologyService AlainMeyrier MD MediganArmyMedicalCenter ServicedeNephrologie Ft.Lewis,Washington,USA JeromeRossert MD HoˆpitalGeorgesPompidou Paris-DescartesUniversitySchoolofMedicine Paris,France TiinaPodymow MD GeorgesPompidouEuropeanHospital INSERMU872 McGillUniversity MalotG.Minnick-Belarmino PhD Montreal,Quebec,Canada Paris,France ChronicKidneyDiseaseinChildren StudyWelchCenterforPrevention KevanR.Polkinghorne MD RichardL.Roudebush MD Baltimore,Maryland,USA DepartmentofNephrology DivisionofNephrology MonashMedicalCentre DepartmentofMedicine DonaldA.Molony MD Melbourne,Australia IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine DivisionofRenalDiseaseandHypertension Indianapolis,Indiana,USA UniversityofTexas FriedrichK.Port MD HoustonMedicalSchool Houston,Texas,USA ArborResearchCollaborativeforHealth PieroRuggenenti MD AnnArbor,Michigan,USA UnitofNephrology AziendaOspedalieraOspedaliRiunitidiBergamo NormanMuirhead MD KannaiyanS.Rabindranath MD Bergamo,Italy DivisionofNephrology RenalUnit UniversityofWesternOntario London,Ontario,Canada ChurchillHospital KamalanathanK.Sambandam MD Oxford,UnitedKingdom RenalDivision PatrickT.Murray MD WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine SectionofNephrology Jo¨rgRadermacher MD St.Louis,Missouri,USA UniversityofChicago DepartmentofNephrology Chicago,Illinois,USA KlinikumMinden SangeethaSatyan MD Minden,Germany DivisionofNephrology SankarNavaneethan MD,MPH DepartmentofMedicine DepartmentofMedicine SylviaPazB.Ramirez MD,MPH,MBA IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine UnityHealthSystem ArborResearchCollaborativeforHealth Indianapolis,Indiana,USA Rochester,NewYork,USA AnnArbor,USA FranzSchaefer MD SharonJ.Nessim MD LesleyRees MD,FRCP,FRCPCH DivisionofPediatricNephrology DepartmentofMedicine ConsultantPaediatricNephrologist CenterforPediatricandAdolescentMedicine DivisionofNephrology GreatOrmondStHospitalforChildrenNHSTrust UniversityofHeidelberg UniversityofToronto London,UnitedKingdom Heidelberg,Germany Toronto,Canada GiuseppeRemuzzi MD,FRCP ArrigoSchieppati MD ChristopherNorris MD ClinicalResearchCenterforRareDiseases DivisionofNephrologyandDialysis DivisionofRenalDiseasesandHypertension MarioNegriInstituteforPharmacological MarioNegriInstituteforPharmacological UniversityofTexasMedicalSchoolatHouston Research Research Houston,Texas,USA Bergamo,Italy NegriBergamoLaboratories Bergamo,Italy PaulM.Palevsky MD EberhardRitz MD Renal-ElectrolyteDivision DepartmentofInternalMedicine DepartmentofMedicine DivisionNephrology EricE.Simon MD UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine RupertoCarolaUniversity DepartmentofMedicine Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA Heidelberg,Germany TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine NewOrleans,Louisiana,USA PatrickS.Parfrey MD MichaelV.Rocco MD DivisionofNephrologyandClinicalEpidemiology WakeForestUniversitySchoolofMedicine BenedicteStengel MD FacultyofMedicine,MemorialUniversityof DepartmentofInternalMedicine Universite´Paris-Sud Newfoundland SectiononNephrology, INSERMU780 St.John’s,Newfoundland,Canada Winston-Salem,NorthCarolina,USA Villejuif,France xi
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