Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders PDF
Preview Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders
final EBM lipid disorders cover for press.qxd 11/05/2010 15:18 Page 1 Practicing evidence-based medicine necessarily depends on the E Evidence-based v id clinician having access to the best evidence available, but in a fast- e n moving field, keeping up to date with the latest developments is a c e - challenging prospect. In this new volume, leading experts focus on the b a Management of s most important clinical issues associated with the management of lipid e d disorders, evaluating and interpreting the evidence available to M a provide the reader with a reliable summary of our current knowledge. n a g e LIPID DISORDERS m Topics covered include therapeutic strategies for managing e n hereditary lipid disorders, including familial hypercholesterolemia, both t o f in adults and children, and familial combined hypercholesterolemia. L ip The authors also evaluate the evidence for a link between inflammatory id D disease and cardiovascular risk, the metabolic syndrome and the is o interconnections between dyslipidemias and diabetes. They also look r d e at therapeutic challenges such as the management of patients who are r s statin intolerant, and the control of lipid levels in those suffering renal insufficiency. Tables highlight important data, evidence from trial results and expert reports, and each section concludes with a series of key points that present a summary of evidence-based recommendations for best practice, graded according to the quality of that evidence. This book provides the busy clinician with a unique analysis of the data supporting current therapies and will help the reader formulate effective strategies for treating their own patients. ISBN 978-1-903378-71-7 Maud N. Vissers John J. P. Kastelein 9 781903 378717 tf m Erik S. Stroes prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page i Evidence-based Management of LIPID DISORDERS Maud N. Vissers John J. P. Kastelein Erik S. Stroes i prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page ii Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders tfm Publishing Limited, Castle Hill Barns, Harley, Nr Shrewsbury, SY5 6LX, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1952 510061; Fax: +44 (0)1952 510192 E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.tfmpublishing.com Design & Typesetting: Nikki Bramhill BSc Hons Dip Law First Edition: © August 2010 Hardback ISBN: 978-1-903378-71-7 E-book editions: 2013 ePub ISBN: 978-1-908986-57-3 Mobi ISBN: 978-1-908986-58-0 Web pdf ISBN: 978-1-908986-59-7 Cover image: © 2010 3d4medical, www.3d4medical.com The entire contents of Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders is copyright tfm Publishing Ltd. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, digital, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Neither the editors, the authors nor the publisher can accept responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property occasioned through the implementation of any ideas or use of any product described herein. Neither can they accept any responsibility for errors, omissions or misrepresentations, howsoever caused. Whilst every care is taken by the editors, the authors and the publisher to ensure that all information and data in this book are as accurate as possible at the time of going to press, it is recommended that readers seek independent verification of advice on drug or other product usage, surgical techniques and clinical processes prior to their use. The editors, authors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material where applicable in this book. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Printed by Gutenberg Press Ltd., Gudja Road, Tarxien, PLA 19, Malta. Tel: +356 21897037; Fax: +356 21800069. ii prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page iii Contents page Foreword v Contributors vi Acknowledgements ix Using evidence-based medicine x Chapter 1 How much evidence is enough? 1 Daniel Steinberg Chapter 2 A brief review of lipoprotein metabolism 11 Martin Adiels, Sven-Olof Olofsson, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Jan Borén Chapter 3 Epidemiological aspects of lipid and lipoprotein levels 25 in relation to cardiovascular diseases Jane Armitage, Louise Bowman, Sarah Lewington Chapter 4 Are LDL cholesterol-lowering functional food ingredients 39 successful in the long term? Jogchum Plat, Ronald P. Mensink Chapter 5 Evidence-based treatment of primary hypo- and 51 hypercholesterolemic disorders Tisha R. Joy, Robert A. Hegele Chapter 6 Does raising HDL protect against atherosclerosis? 73 Menno Vergeer, G. Kees Hovingh Chapter 7 How do we diagnose hypertriglyceridemia in clinical 91 practice and what are the consequences for treatment? Adie Viljoen, Anthony S. Wierzbicki Chapter 8 The optimal treatment of patients with familial combined 111 hyperlipidemia Evertine J. Abbink, Jacqueline de Graaf, Anton F. Stalenhoef iii prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page iv Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders Chapter 9 How to manage lipid and lipoprotein disorders in children 123 Serena Tonstad Chapter 10 Contribution of the atherogenic dyslipidemic phenotype 143 to the increased cardiovascular disease risk of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus Benoit J. Arsenault, Jean-Pierre Després Chapter 11 What are the consequences of renal insufficiency or the 163 nephrotic syndrome for lipid levels? Christiane Drechsler, Christoph Wanner, Ton Rabelink Chapter 12 The link between chronic inflammatory diseases and 181 cardiovascular risk Michael T. Nurmohamed Chapter 13 What is the evidence for a physiological and pathogenic 197 role of lipoprotein (a)? Sotirios Tsimikas Chapter 14 Sitosterolemia; xenophobia for the body 217 Shailendra B. Patel, Gerald Salen Chapter 15 How can we deal with inborn errors in cholesterol and 231 bile acid biosynthesis? Hester van Meer, Vincent W. Bloks, Folkert Kuipers, Henkjan J. Verkade Chapter 16 Differential diagnosis of patients with xanthomas and 251 xanthelasmata Peter J. Lansberg Chapter 17 When should we fear statin interactions? 267 Rob E. Aarnoutse, David M. Burger Chapter 18 What are the considerations in patients who are statin 285 ‘intolerant’? Frans L. Opdam, Henk-Jan Guchelaar, Jouke T. Tamsma Index 299 iv prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page v Foreword Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death, and atherosclerosis is by far their most common cause. A century has passed since the term ‘atherosclerosis’ was first introduced by F. Marchand in 1904, who suggested that atherosclerosis was responsible for almost all obstructive processes in the arteries. A few years later, the relationship between cholesterol and atherosclerotic plaques was discovered, first by A. Windaus, who detected cholesterol in human atheromatous lesions in 1910, and shortly thereafter, in 1914, by N. Anichkov and S. Chalatow, who discovered the significance and role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis pathogenesis based on their landmark experiments in rabbits. These discoveries heralded a spectacular research effort in the relation between cholesterol and atherosclerosis. A century of studies on atherosclerosis later, we not only acknowledge the crucial role of LDL-cholesterol in the development of cardiovascular diseases, but we also recognize other players in the field. These risk factors include, but are not restricted to, low HDL-cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels and the size of the lipoproteins, as well as lifestyle and diseases that impair a healthy lipoprotein balance, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases, renal insufficiency, and – although not related to lipids – hypertension. Along with these discoveries, several therapeutic strategies have been developed during the last decades. Some of them have been proven to improve lipid levels and to reduce cardiovascular risk, whereas others are still in the investigational phase. The authors were asked to look systematically at the literature and to evaluate and interpret the available evidence on the selected topics in order to provide the reader with a reliable summary of the current knowledge on the management of lipid disorders. Each chapter concludes with a series of key points that present a summary of evidence-based recommendations for best practice, graded according to the quality of the evidence. For certain topics, however, there are no data from well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), just because it is too early or RCTs are not feasible. As outlined in the first chapter by Dr. Steinberg, RCTs provide by far the most valuable evidence guiding decisions regarding medical intervention, but other relevant evidence must be considered as well. In such cases we have to rely on case reports, descriptive studies or opinions and/or clinical experience of respected authorities. We are grateful to all the authors for their phenomenal task in putting all the available evidence-based information together. We hope that readers will enjoy all the chapters as much as we did. Maud N. Vissers PhD John J.P. Kastelein MD PhD Erik S. Stroes MD PhD Amsterdam, May 2010 v prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page vi Contributors Hospital Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Rob E. Aarnoutse PharmD PhD Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Research Physician, Department of General Internal Medicine, Evertine J. Abbink MD PhD Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Assistant Researcher, Sahlgrenska Center for Metabolism and Martin Adiels MSc PhD Cardiovascular Research, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Professor of Clinical Trials and Epidemiology, Clinical Trial Jane Armitage FFPH FRCP Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Researcher, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Benoit J. Arsenault PhD Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada Research Officer, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Vincent W. Bloks Beatrix Children’s Hospital – University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Jan Borén MD PhD Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Clinical Research Fellow, Clinical Trial Service Unit & Louise Bowman MD MRCP Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Hospital Pharmacist - Clinical Pharmacologist, Department David M. Burger PharmD PhD of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Vascular Specialist, Department of General Internal Jacqueline de Graaf MD PhD Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Director of Research, Cardiology, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Després PhD FAHA de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada Fellow, Nephrology and Clinical Research, Department of Christiane Drechsler MD Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Hospital Pharmacist, Henk-Jan Guchelaar PhD Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands vi prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page vii Contributors Director, Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Robert A. Hegele MD FRCPC FACP Laboratory; Scientist, Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada Resident, Internal Medicine and Vascular Medicine, Department G. Kees Hovingh MD PhD of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Tisha R. Joy MD FRCPC Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Professor of Medicine, Department of Vascular Medicine, John J.P. Kastelein MD PhD Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor, Dean of Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Liver, Folkert Kuipers PhD Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital – University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Co-ordinator, Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Peter J. Lansberg MD PhD Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Senior Research Fellow, Clinical Trial Service Unit & Sarah Lewington MSc DPhil Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Professor of Molecular Nutrition, Department of Human Ronald P. Mensink PhD MSc Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Consultant Rheumatologist, Departments of Internal Michael T. Nurmohamed MD PhD Medicine & Rheumatology, VU University Medical Centre; Department of Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Center for Sven-Olof Olofsson MD PhD Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Fellow, Vascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Department Frans L. Opdam MD of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Shailendra B. Patel BM ChB DPhil FRCP Wisconsin, and the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA Associate Professor, Human Biology, Department of Human Biology, Jogchum Plat PhD Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Professor of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Leiden Ton Rabelink MD PhD University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands vii prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page viii Evidence-based Management of Lipid Disorders Professor of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Gerald Salen MD Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA Professor of Medicine, Department of General Internal Anton F. Stalenhoef MD PhD FRCP Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California San Daniel Steinberg MD PhD Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Professor of Medicine, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Erik S. Stroes MD PhD Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Consultant, Vascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Jouke T. Tamsma MD PhD Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Marja-Riitta Taskinen MD PhD Helsinki, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland Head Physician, Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo Serena Tonstad MD PhD University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Professor, Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Sotirios Tsimikas MD FACC FAHA FSCAI Vascular Medicine Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California Paediatrician, Fellow Paediatric Gastroenterology, Center for Liver, Hester van Meer MD Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital – University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Resident, Internal Medicine and Vascular Medicine, Department of Menno Vergeer MD Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor, Paediatric Gastroenterologist and Chair, Department Henkjan J. Verkade MD of Paediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital – University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Consultant Chemical Pathologist, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Adie Viljoen MBBS FRCPath Hertfordshire, UK Researcher, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Maud N. Vissers PhD Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Professor of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Division of Christoph Wanner MD PhD Nephrology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany Consultant Metabolic Physician & Anthony S. Wierzbicki DM DPhil FRCPath FAHA Chemical Pathologist, Guy’s & St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK viii prelims_prelims.qxd 11-05-2013 20:54 Page ix Acknowledgements We are grateful to all of the contributors for taking on this important task and hope they will be proud to be part of a book which attempts to set out the evidence-based management of lipid disorders. We would also like to thank Nikki Bramhill and Jonathan Gregory from tfm Publishing Limited for their invaluable assistance. ix
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