Table Of Content

1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page i E V E R Y D A Y A R G U M E N T S This page intentionally left blank 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page iii E V E R Y D A Y A R G U M E N T S A Guide to Writing and Reading Effective Arguments THIRD EDITION KATHERINE J. MAYBERRY Rochester Institute of Technology HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston New York 1026313_FM.qxd 1/15/08 12:54 PM Page iv Publisher: Patricia Coryell Editor-in-Chief: Carrie Brandon Sponsoring Editor: Lisa Kimball Marketing Manager: Tom Ziolkowski Senior Development Editor: Kathy Sands Boehmer Senior Project Editor: Rosemary Winfield Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber Cover Design Manager: Anne Katzeff Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton New Title Project Manager: Priscilla Manchester Associate Editor: Sarah Truax Marketing Associate: Bettina Chiu Cover Image: Blue Rhapsody© Diana Ong / Superstock Credits continue on page 427, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. With the Exception of nonprofit transcription in Braille, Houghton Mifflin is not authorized to grant permission for further uses of copyrighted selections reprinted in this text. Permission must be obtained from the selections’ individual copyright owners as identified herein. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2007932698 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – EB– 11 10 09 08 07 ISBN 10: 0-618-98675-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-618-98675-0 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page v Brief Contents CONTENTS vii PREFACE xix PART I WRITING ARGUMENTS 1 1 An Introduction to Argument 3 2 Where Writing Begins: Motives and Audience 14 3 The Claim 24 4 An Argument’s Support 43 5 Supporting Your Arguments Honestly and Effectively 68 6 Making Reasonable Arguments: Formal and Informal Logic 86 7 Arguing Facts 103 8 Arguing Cause 119 9 Arguing Evaluations 144 10 Arguing Recommendations 170 11 Writing and Image 192 12 Introductions and Conclusions 204 13 Revising 216 v 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page vi vi BRIEF CONTENTS PART II READING ARGUMENTS 233 14 Today’s College Student 235 15 The Internet 265 16 Sports 299 17 Earning Your Living 340 18 Diet 365 19 Reading Popular Culture 389 CREDITS 427 INDEX 431 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page vii Contents PREFACE xix P I W A 1 ART RITING RGUMENTS 1 An Introduction to Argument 3 AN EXTENDED DEFINITION 3 THE CLASSES OF ARGUMENT 5 ARGUMENT THROUGH IMAGE 6 THE ARGUMENT PROCESS 7 Forming the Argument 7 Supporting the Claim 8 Reviewing the Argument 9 READING ARGUMENTS 10 Reading as Evaluation 10 Additional Hints for Reading Critically 11 CONCLUSION 11 Summary: An Introduction to Argument 12 Suggestions for Writing (1.1) 12 2 Where Writing Begins: Motives and Audience 14 MOTIVES FOR WRITING 14 The Value of Dissonance 15 Writing Arguments That Are Meaningful to You 16 Activities (2.1) 17 vii 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS THE IMPORTANCE OF AUDIENCE 17 Who Is the Audience? 17 Activities (2.2) 19 Why Will the Audience Read the Argument? 20 Activities (2.3) 20 What Should the Audience Be Able to Do After Reading the Argument? 21 Activities (2.4) 22 Summary: Where Writing Begins 22 Suggestions for Writing (2.5) 22 3 The Claim 24 HOW CLAIMS WORK 24 Finding a Claim 25 Keeping Your Working Claim Flexible 27 Activities(3.1) 28 Positioning the Claim 29 Claim Stated Up Front 29 Claim Stated at the End of the Argument 30 Unstated Claim in an Argument 30 Activities (3.2) 31 CLASSIFYING YOUR CLAIM 31 Factual Claims 31 Activities (3.3) 33 Causal Claims 33 Activities (3.4) 34 Evaluations 35 Activities (3.5) 37 Recommendations 37 Activities (3.6) 38 Combination Claims 39 Activities (3.7) 40 Summary: The Claim 41 Suggestions for Writing (3.8) 42 4 An Argument’s Support 43 SOME VARIETIES OF SUPPORT 44 Secondary Claims 44 Activities (4.1) 45 1026313_FM.qxd 12/19/07 7:06 PM Page ix CONTENTS ix Comparisons 45 Appeals to Authority 45 Appeals to Audience Needs and Values 46 Activities (4.2) 46 Addressing the Counterargument 46 SUPPORTING YOUR ARGUMENT VISUALLY 48 Charts 49 Pie Chart 49 Bar/Column Chart 50 Line Graphs 51 When Is a Chart Appropriate? 52 What Is the Best Type of Chart to Use? 53 Using Charts Responsibly 53 Tables 54 Pictorial Images 56 Diagrams 56 Cartoons and Drawings 57 Photographs 58 Activities (4.3) 59 ARRANGING YOUR ARGUMENT’S SUPPORT 59 Activities (4.4) 60 DEFINITIONS 61 When to Define 62 Types of Definitions 63 Activities (4.5) 66 Summary: An Argument’s Support 66 Suggestions for Writing (4.6) 67 5 Supporting Your Arguments Honestly and Effectively 68 PLAGIARISM AND WRITTEN ARGUMENTS 69 Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism 70 Quotations 70 Paraphrases 70 Summaries 71 Primary or Secondary Sources? 71 Facts 71 Internet Material 72 Plagiarism Illustrated 72 Plagiarism 1 72 Plagiarism 2 73 Plagiarism 3 73