Evanescent Waves in Optics: An Introduction to Plasmonics PDF
Preview Evanescent Waves in Optics: An Introduction to Plasmonics
Springer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 206 Foundedby H.K.V.Lotsch Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,USA FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,USA EditorialBoard AliAdibi,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,USA TheodorW.Hänsch,Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik,Garching,Germany FerencKrausz,LehrstuhlfürExperimentellePhysik,Garching,Germany Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik,Garching,Germany BarryR.Masters,Cambridge,USA KatsumiMidorikawa,Saitama,Japan HerbertVenghaus,Heinrich-Hertz-Institut,Berlin,Germany HorstWeber,TechnischeUniversitätBerlin,Berlin,Germany HaraldWeinfurter,Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,München, Germany SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences The Springer Series in Optical Sciences, under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes, GeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyandFloridaAtlanticUniversity,USA,providesanexpandingselectionof researchmonographsinallmajorareasofoptics:lasersandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,optical spectroscopytechniques,optoelectronics,quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnol- ogy,industrialapplications,andothertopicsofcontemporaryinterest. Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed up-to-datereferencebooks. Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanu- script.SubmissionofmanuscriptsshouldbemadetotheEditor-in-ChieforoneoftheEditors.Seealso www.springer.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology Atlanta,GA30332-0250 USA FloridaAtlanticUniversity BocaRaton,USA e-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard AliAdibi KatsumiMidorikawa SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering Saitama,Japan GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology HerbertVenghaus Atlanta,GA30332-0250 FraunhoferInstitutfürNachrichtentechnik USA Heinrich-Hertz-Institut e-mail:[email protected] Einsteinufer37 TheodorW.Hänsch 10587Berlin,Germany Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik e-mail:[email protected] Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 HorstWeber 85748Garching,Germany OptischesInstitut e-mail:[email protected] TechnischeUniversitätBerlin FerencKrausz Straßedes17.Juni135 Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen 10623Berlin,Germany LehrstuhlfürExperimentellePhysik e-mail:[email protected] AmCoulombwall1 HaraldWeinfurter 85748Garching,Germany SektionPhysik Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 Schellingstraße4/III 85748Garching,Germany 80799München,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] BarryR.Masters Cambridge,USA Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/624 Mario Bertolotti · Concita Sibilia Angela M. Guzmán Evanescent Waves in Optics An Introduction to Plasmonics MarioBertolotti AngelaM.Guzmán “LaSapienza”SBAI PhysicsDepartment UniversityofRome NationalUniversityofColombia Rome Bogotá Italy Colombia ConcitaSibilia “LaSapienza”SBAI UniversityofRome Rome Italy ISSN 0342-4111 ISSN 1556-1534 (electronic) SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences ISBN 978-3-319-61260-7 ISBN 978-3-319-61261-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-61261-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954456 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recita- tion,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinfor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublica- tiondoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromthe relevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein orforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The quest for ever smaller optical systems has brought us to devices of the dimen- sion of a wavelength or less, down to nanometres. Far-field optics is to a great extentincompatiblewithstructuresofthatsize,andonemustthusturntonear-field optics and surface evanescent waves, optical waves that propagate only along, and whoseenergyisspatiallyconcentratedintheimmediatevicinityofasurface. The basic nature of evanescent waves has been known for decades, but they have found little application until recently. We now know that these waves allow theoperationofalargenumberofdevices,andthattheycanbeemployedinover- comingtheclassicalRutherford-Abbe’sresolutionlimit. Evanescent waves travelling on the surface of metals or semiconductors are called plasmons. Plasmons seem to be the best solution for the building and man- agement of nanoscale devices in which, for example, light is coupled into and out of an optical fibre and shrink in a structure much smaller than the vacuum wave- length. The new discipline of plasmonics encompasses the generation and use of plasmons both as a travelling excitation in a nanostructure and as a stationary enhancementoftheelectricalfieldnearmetalnanosurfaces. In this short monograph we present an introduction to evanescent waves and plasmons,discussingtheirpropertiesanduses,andshowinghowtheyareoffunda- mentalimportancetotheoperationandunderstandingofnanoscaleopticaldevices. Unlike some of the specialized textbooks listed in the references, this book is not exhaustive in its treatment of plasmonics; rather, it is intended to provide the reader with a general survey of the field and the state of the art, including the underlyingphysicsandapplicationsofevanescentwavesandplasmons.Itisafirst approach,notanexhaustivetextbook. The bookisorganized soastooffer inChap.1,a briefreview ofthe basiccon- cepts of electromagnetism that will be needed in subsequent chapters. The second chapterintroducesevanescentwavesinthemostnaturalwaythroughreflectionand refraction and shows how they appear in diffraction problems. In the third chapter, the important role that evanescent waves play in optical waveguides and sensors is discussed. The application of evanescent waves in super-resolution devices is then briefly presented in chap. IV. Plasmons are the most important manifestation of v vi Preface evanescentwavesandformthesubjectofchap.V,whilesomeoftheirapplications are presented in chap. VI. In working with very small devices, one must always bearinmindthatquantumeffectsmayplayasignificantroleindeterminingdevice behaviour. The last chapter, therefore, discusses quantization of evanescent waves andthepossibilityofsinglephotonplasmonicdevices. The book is intended for students and researchers who wish to enter the field of plasmonicsortogaininsightintothesubjectandcanserveasanintroductiontomore completeandin-depthdiscussionsthatcanbefoundinmanyexcellenttextbooks. Twooftheauthors(MBandCS)wishtothankthehelpofAlessandroBelardini forreadingthemanuscriptandmakingsomefigures. TheworkandhelpofthewholestaffofSpringerisgratefullyacknowledged. Rome,Italy,May8,2017 MarioBertolotti ConcitaSibilia AngelaM.Guzmán Contents 1 BasicElectromagnetism .................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................ 1 1.2 MaxwellEquations................................... 1 1.3 Waves ............................................ 2 1.4 PhaseVelocity...................................... 4 1.5 Dispersion ......................................... 5 1.6 Drude-LorentzModelforMetals......................... 9 1.7 PulsesandGroupVelocity ............................. 14 1.8 Polarization ........................................ 16 1.9 JonesMatrices,StokesParametersandthePoincarèSphere..... 19 1.10 OpticallyAnisotropicMedia............................ 23 1.11 Chirality........................................... 29 1.12 GaussianBeams..................................... 31 2 EvanescentWaves....................................... 35 2.1 Introduction ........................................ 35 2.2 ReflectionandRefraction.............................. 35 2.3 EvanescentWaves ................................... 45 2.4 EnergyTransportbyEvanescentWaves ................... 49 2.5 TunnellingEffect .................................... 50 2.6 ReflectionandRefractioninthePresenceofAbsorption....... 51 2.7 ReflectionandRefractionwithMaterialswithNegative RefractiveIndex..................................... 55 2.8 X-rayEvanescentWaves .............................. 57 2.9 ReflectionandRefractionofPlaneWavesataBoundaryBetween anIsotropicandaBirefringentMedium ................... 59 2.10 ThePlaneWaveDecompositionofaField ................. 60 2.11 TheClassicalLimitofResolutionExplained................ 62 2.12 ReflectionandRefractionofGaussianBeams............... 64 2.13 EvanescentWavesinDiffraction ........................ 65 vii viii Contents 3 EvanescentWavesinOpticalWaveguides .................... 69 3.1 Introduction ........................................ 69 3.2 PlanarWaveguides................................... 69 3.3 CouplingofLighttoaPlanarWaveguide.................. 81 3.4 CouplingofTwoWaveguides........................... 86 3.5 OpticalFibres....................................... 88 3.6 MultilayersandPBG ................................. 93 3.7 TheRoleofEvanescentWavesinWaveguideSensors ........ 106 4 HighResolutionOpticalMicroscopes........................ 111 4.1 Introduction ........................................ 111 4.2 ScanningNear-fieldOpticalMicroscopy(SNOM)............ 112 4.3 ScanningTunnellingOpticalMicroscope(STOM) ........... 118 4.4 TotalInternalReflectionFluorescence(TIRF)............... 122 5 Plasmons .............................................. 127 5.1 Introduction ........................................ 127 5.2 PlasmonSolutions ................................... 128 5.3 BulkPlasmons...................................... 130 5.4 SurfacePlasmonPolaritons(SPPs)....................... 131 5.5 PropertiesofPlasmons................................ 136 5.6 ExcitationandCouplingofPlasmons ..................... 139 5.7 MultilayerSystems................................... 144 5.8 LocalizedSurfacePlasmons ............................ 150 5.9 SurfacePhononPolaritonsinDielectricsandSemiconductors... 156 5.10 ThePlasmonsinOpticalNonlinearMaterials ............... 160 5.11 OtherSurfaceWaves ................................. 162 6 ApplicationsofPlasmons ................................. 169 6.1 Introduction ........................................ 169 6.2 SurfaceEnhancedRamanScattering(SERS)................ 170 6.3 SurfacePlasmonSensors .............................. 173 6.4 ExtraordinaryOpticalTransmissionThroughArraysofSub- wavelengthHoles.................................... 177 6.5 SurfacePlasmonCircuitry ............................. 182 6.6 PlasmonLasersandSPASER........................... 188 6.7 PlasmonsforSolarCells............................... 198 6.8 PlasmonMicroscopy ................................. 201 6.9 Black-bodySpatialandTemporalCoherence ............... 202 6.10 ControlledThermalEmissionUsingPlasmaResonances....... 208 7 QuantizationofEvanescentWaves.......................... 209 7.1 Introduction ........................................ 209 7.2 QuantizationoftheElectromagneticFieldinOneDimension ... 211 7.3 QuantumStatesoftheElectromagneticField ............... 215 7.4 QuantizationoftheElectromagneticFieldinLossless DielectricMedia..................................... 219 Contents ix 7.5 Whatarephotons? ................................... 226 7.6 TheProblemofLocalizingPhotons ...................... 228 7.7 ExpansionoftheFieldandTheirOrthonormalization ......... 229 7.8 QuantizationofEvanescentWaves....................... 232 7.9 PlasmonsinBulkMetals .............................. 239 7.10 SurfacePlasmonPolaritons............................. 241 7.11 LocalizedSurfacePlasmonResonances ................... 248 7.12 AbsorptionofEvanescentPhotonsandStimulatedEmissionof SurfacePlasmons.................................... 250 7.13 PlasmonsandQuantumInformation...................... 251 Index..................................................... 257
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